砖雕非遗传承 | 非物质文化产业

简介

Brief introduction

砖雕

是指在青砖上雕刻出山水、

花卉、人物等图案的一种艺术形式，

是古建筑雕刻中非常重要的艺术品类。

它既可以是建筑构件，

也可以是独立的雕塑工艺品。

Brick carving

It refers to carving mountains and waters on green bricks

A form of art featuring patterns such as flowers, figures, etc.,

It is an essential art form in ancient architectural carving.

It can be a building component,

It can also be an independent sculpture craft.

欣赏

砖雕是以砖作为雕刻对象的一种雕饰，

它是模仿石雕而来，

但比石雕更经济，省工，

因而也较多被采用，

特别是在民间建筑中。

在民居建筑中，

砖雕多用于大门门楼，

山墙墀头，照壁等处，

表现风格力求生动，

活泼。在雕刻手法上，

也与木，石雕饰相类，

有剔地，隐雕，浮雕，透雕，圆雕，

多层雕等。砖雕既有石雕的刚毅质感，

又有木雕的精致柔润与平滑，

呈现出刚柔并济而又质朴清秀的风格。

Brick carving is a type of decoration that uses bricks as the object of carving,

It is modelled after stone carving,

But it's more economical and labor-saving than stone carving,

Therefore, it is also widely adopted,

Especially in folk architecture.

In residential buildings,

Brick carving is often used for gate buildings,

Gables, overhanging walls, and other places,

The expression style strives for vividness,

Lively. In terms of carving techniques,

Similar to wood and stone carvings,

There are techniques such as carving, hidden carving, relief carving, openwork carving, and round carving,

Multi-layer carving, etc. Brick carving has the resolute texture of stone carving,

There is also the exquisite softness and smoothness of wood carving,

Presenting a style that combines strength and softness while maintaining a simple and elegant quality.

历史

history

 起源：

砖雕由东周瓦当、

空心砖和汉代画像砖发展而来。

汉代画像砖

是墓室预制构件的大型空心砖，

在湿的泥坯上用印模捺印各种图像。

发展：

北宋时形成砖雕，

成为墓室壁面的装饰品；

金代墓室砖雕的内容更加丰富，

技艺也有所提高；

元代墓室砖雕逐渐衰落；

明代砖雕由墓室砖雕发展为建筑装饰砖雕；

清代是砖雕发展的高峰，

砖雕技艺更加精湛，风格趋向繁缛细巧，

具有绘画的艺术趣味。

Origin:

Brick carving originated from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty's Wadang.

Hollow bricks and Han dynasty portrait bricks developed from them.

Han Dynasty portrait bricks

It is a large hollow brick made of prefabricated components in the tomb chamber,

Use a mould to imprint various images on wet clay.

Development:

Brick carving was formed during the Northern Song Dynasty,

Becoming decorations on the walls of tombs;

The content of brick carvings in tomb chambers during the Jin Dynasty was more diverse,

Skills have also improved;

The brick carving of tombs in the Yuan Dynasty gradually declined;

During the Ming Dynasty, brick carving evolved from tomb chamber brick carving to architectural decorative brick carving;

The Qing Dynasty was the peak of the development of brick carving,

The brick carving technique is more exquisite, and the style tends to be intricate and refined,

Having an artistic interest in painting.

 特点

characteristic

材质特性：

青砖在选料、成型、烧成等工序上质量要求较严，坚实而细腻，

非常适宜雕刻，

能够呈现出精致的图案和细腻的纹理。

艺术风格：

具有精致细腻、气韵生动、

极富书卷气的风格特点。

其风格既刚柔并济，

有石雕的刚毅质感，

又有木雕的精致柔润与平滑；

同时，它还能呈现出古朴的青灰色，

与古建筑的整体风格相得益彰。

Material properties:

Green bricks have strict quality requirements in processes such as material selection, moulding, and firing, and are solid and delicate,

Very suitable for carving,

Capable of presenting exquisite patterns and delicate textures.

Style of art:

It has exquisite delicacy, vivid charm

Characterised by a highly scholarly style.

Its style is both rigid and soft,

There is a resolute texture of stone carving,

There is also the exquisite softness and smoothness of wood carving;

At the same time, it can also present a quaint bluish-grey colour,

It complements the overall style of ancient architecture.

主要流派

major schools 

北京砖雕：

历史悠久，

具有很好的装饰效果和浓厚的民族风格。

通常多用在大门、廊子、

花墙、迎壁、花窗等处，

题材以花卉为主，动物、人物比较少。

技法有浮雕、透雕和线刻，

风格朴实、健康、稳重。

天津砖雕：

题材丰富，刻工精良。

内容大致可分为吉祥图案、

亭台楼阁、神话故事、民间传说、

世俗生活、花鸟走兽、博古、婴戏、古典小说、文字与图案等十大类。

其艺术风格完整美观、庄重大方，

常使用浮雕、透雕、

浅刻等多种高难度的雕刻技法。

 山西砖雕：

土质好，经久耐用，花样繁多，

画工精细，刀工别致，谱系明确，传承有序。

随着晋商的崛起，

山西砖雕在明清时期得到了很大的发展。

徽州砖雕：

是南方地区砖雕艺术的典型代表之一，

明代较朴素，清朝康熙、

乾隆以后有很大发展和提高，

形成了精细典雅的装饰风格。

苏派砖雕：

以苏州砖雕为代表，具有南方的灵秀之气。

苏州的砖雕门楼字碑大都是名人题字，

精美的书法和典雅的砖雕相得益彰。

广东砖雕：

按技法分浅浮雕、高浮雕和透雕，

按规模分组合砖雕和单块砖雕。

其选用上等青砖逐块雕琢，

然后按部位拼接，镶嵌于墙上而成。

广东砖雕显得纤巧、玲珑，习惯称之为“挂线砖雕”。

临夏砖雕：

历史悠久，成熟于明清，完善于当代。

常被装饰于建筑的屋顶、房檐、墙面等构件上，又称“砖刻”“砖画”。

其艺术风格具有浓郁的地方特色。

Beijing Brick Carving:

Have a long history,

It has a great decorative effect and a strong ethnic style.

Usually used in gates, corridors

Flower walls, facing walls, flower windows, and other places,

The main theme is flowers, with fewer animals and characters.

The techniques include relief carving, openwork carving, and line carving,

The style is simple, healthy, and steady.

Tianjin Brick Carving:

Rich in themes and exquisite in carving.

The content can be roughly divided into auspicious patterns

Pavilions, mythical stories, folk legends

There are ten major categories, including secular life, flowers, birds and animals, antiques, baby plays, classical novels, and text and patterns.

Its artistic style is complete, beautiful, solemn and generous,

Often used for relief carving, openwork carving

Various high-difficulty carving techniques, such as shallow carving.

Shanxi Brick Carving:

Good soil quality, durable, and diverse in design,

Exquisite painting skills, unique knife techniques, clear lineage, and orderly inheritance.

With the rise of Shanxi merchants,

Shanxi brick carving experienced significant development during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Huizhou Brick Carving:

It is one of the typical representatives of brick carving art in the southern region,

The Ming Dynasty was relatively simple, while the Qing Dynasty's Kangxi

After the reign of Emperor Qianlong, there was significant development and improvement,

Formed a refined and elegant decorative style.

Su Pai Brick Carving:

Represented by Suzhou brick carving, it embodies the spirit and elegance of the south.

The brick-carved gate tower steles in Suzhou are mostly inscribed by celebrities,

Exquisite calligraphy and elegant brick carvings complement each other.

Guangdong Brick Carving:

According to the technique, it can be divided into shallow relief, high relief, and translucent carving,

Combine brick carvings and single brick carvings according to scale.

It selects high-quality green bricks and carves them piece by piece,

Then, assemble them according to their respective parts and embed them into the wall.

Guangdong brick carving appears delicate and exquisite and is commonly referred to as "hanging line brick carving".

Linxia Brick Carving:

It has a long history, matured in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and improved in contemporary times.

Often decorated on the roofs, eaves, walls, and other components of buildings, also known as "brick carvings" or "brick paintings".

Its artistic style has strong local characteristics.

工艺工序

Process procedures

制砖：

选用颗粒极为细腻的黏土或者河底沉淀的污泥等为原料，有时还应用特殊的烧制工艺，

制成质地匀净、软硬适中、不含气孔的青砖。

之后还需对砖块进行打磨，

使其表面平整光滑，以便进行雕刻。

打样：

把设计稿拓印在涂抹过石灰水的砖面上，

或者在砖块上直接画稿，

确定图案的基本布局及比例。

打坯：

用凿子或刻刀粗略勾勒画面的轮廓，

分出基本层次，

初步塑造出图案的大致形状。

出细：

运用多种工具，如铲、刻、挑等技法相结合，

对图案进行精细刻画，

展现出细节部分，

如人物的脸部表情、动物的毛发、花卉的纹理等。

打磨修补：

对雕刻完成的砖雕作品进行打磨，

去除毛刺和瑕疵，使表面更加光滑细腻，

同时对一些不够完美的地方进行修补。

Brick making:

Using extremely fine clay particles or sediment from the riverbed as raw materials, sometimes special firing processes are also applied,

Produce green bricks with uniform texture, moderate softness and hardness, and no air holes.

Afterwards, the bricks need to be polished,

Make its surface smooth and even for carving.

Sample making:

Print the design draft onto the brick surface coated with lime water,

Or draw directly on the bricks,

Determine the basic layout and proportions of the pattern.

Forging:

Roughly outline the outline of the picture with a chisel or carving knife,

Divide into basic levels,

Preliminarily shape the approximate shape of the pattern.

Details:

Combining various tools such as shovelling, carving, picking, and other techniques,

A fine depiction of patterns,

Show the details,

Such as facial expressions of characters, hair of animals, texture of flowers, etc.

Polishing and repairing:

Polish the completed brick carvings,

Remove burrs and defects to make the surface smoother and more delicate,

At the same time, some imperfect areas need to be repaired.

题材内容

Subject matter and content

砖雕的题材广泛，

以寓意吉祥和人们所喜闻乐见的内容为主，

如《龙凤呈祥》《和合二仙》《刘海戏金蟾》《三阳开泰》《郭子仪作寿》

《麒麟送子》《狮子滚绣球》等。

此外，

还有山水风景、亭台楼阁、花鸟鱼虫、

人物故事、历史典故、

文字图案等题材，

这些题材既可以单独出现，

也可以相互组合，

形成丰富多彩的图案内容。

Brick carving has a wide range of themes,

Mainly based on auspicious meanings and content that people enjoy,

Such as "Dragon and Phoenix Bring Auspiciousness," "Harmony of the Two Immortals," "Liu Hai Plays with the Golden Toad," "San Yang Kai Tai," and "Guo Ziyi Plays Longevity

Kirin is sending off children, a lion rolling, an embroidered ball, etc.

In addition,

There are also landscape scenery, pavilions and towers, flowers, birds, fish, and insects.

Character stories, historical allusions

Themes such as text and patterns,

These themes can appear separately,

They can also be combined,

Create rich and colourful pattern content.

艺术价值与应用

Artistic Value and Application

艺术价值：

砖雕是中国传统雕刻艺术“三雕”

（砖雕、木雕、石雕）之一，

具有很高的艺术价值。

它不仅展现了工匠们精湛的雕刻技艺，

还蕴含着丰富的历史文化内涵，

是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。

应用领域：

在古代，

砖雕主要用于装饰寺塔、墓室、

房屋等建筑物的构件和墙面，

如大门门楼、山墙墀头、照壁、屋脊等部位。

在现代，

砖雕除了用于古建筑的修复和保护外，

还被广泛应用于园林景观、室内装饰、

文化礼品等领域。

Artistic value:

Brick carving is the "three carvings" of traditional Chinese sculpture art

One of them (brick carving, wood carving, stone carving),

Has high artistic value.

It not only showcases the exquisite carving skills of the craftsmen,

It also contains rich historical and cultural connotations,

It is an important component of traditional Chinese culture.

Application areas:

In ancient times,

Brick carving is mainly used for decorating temple pagodas, tombs

Components and walls of buildings such as houses,

Such parts as the gate tower, gable ridge, screen wall, roof ridge, etc.

In modern times,

Brick carving is not only used for the restoration and protection of ancient buildings,

It is also widely used in landscape architecture, interior decoration

Cultural gifts and other related fields.

砖雕图案寓意

The symbolism of brick carving patterns

以如意·柿子万字组成：寓意为万事如意

以牡丹·白头翁组成：寓意为富贵白头

以葫芦·蔓藤组成：寓意为子孙万代

以蝙蝠·石榴组成：寓意为多子多福

以花瓶·月季花组成：寓意为四季平安

以鹌鹑·菊花·枫叶组成：寓意为安居乐业

以牡丹·海棠组成：寓意为富贵满堂

以松树·仙鹤组成：寓意为松鹤延年

以松树·仙鹤·梅花组成：寓意为鹤鹿同春

以梅花·喜鹊组成：寓意为喜上眉梢

以狮子组成:寓意为事事如意

以梅花·兰花·竹子·菊花组成:寓意为高洁清贞

以月季·荷花·牡丹·玉兰花组成:寓意为富贵平安

Composed of ten thousand characters of 'Ruyi' and 'Persimmon', the meaning is that everything will go smoothly.

Composed of Peony and White Headed Weng, symbolising wealth and white hair

Composed of gourds and vines, symbolising generations to come.

Composed of bats and pomegranates, symbolising many children and blessings

Composed of a vase and roses, symbolising peace throughout the four seasons

Composed of quail, chrysanthemum, and maple leaves, symbolising living and working in peace and contentment.

Composed of peonies and crabapples, symbolising wealth and prosperity filling the hall.

Composed of pine trees and cranes, symbolising the longevity of pine and cranes

Composed of pine trees, cranes, and plum blossoms, symbolising the spring of cranes and deer.

Composed of plum blossoms and magpies, symbolising happiness on the eyebrows.

Composed of lions, symbolising everything goes smoothly

Composed of plum blossoms, orchids, bamboo, and chrysanthemums, symbolising nobility, purity, and chastity.

Composed of roses, lotus flowers, peonies, and magnolias, symbolising wealth, prosperity, and peace