青花瓷｜景德镇四大传统名瓷｜非物质文化遗产

青花瓷，又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，

是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。

Blue and white porcelain, also known as white ground blue and white porcelain, often abbreviated as blue and white,

It is one of the mainstream varieties of Chinese porcelain and belongs to underglaze-colored porcelain.

青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。

Blue and white porcelain is made from cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material, with decorative patterns painted on the ceramic body, covered with a layer of transparent glaze, and fired in one go with a high-temperature reducing flame. After firing, cobalt material turns blue and has the characteristics of strong colouring power, bright colour, high firing rate, and stable colour.

原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。明宣德时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。

Primitive blue and white porcelain had already begun to emerge in the Tang and Song dynasties, while mature blue and white porcelain appeared in the Hutian kiln in Jingdezhen during the Yuan dynasty. Blue and white porcelain became the mainstream in the Ming Dynasty. The development reached its peak during the Ming Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, derivative varieties such as blue and white multicoloured, peacock green glazed blue and white, pea green glazed blue and white, blue and white red coloured, yellow ground blue and white, and ge glazed blue and white were also created and burned.

早期的青花瓷纹饰简单，色彩单一，多为伊斯兰风格，这与当时海上丝绸之路的贸易往来密切相关。到了明代永乐、宣德年间，青花瓷开始融入更多的中国元素，如龙凤、山水、人物等传统图案。随着制瓷技术的不断进步，青花瓷的发色也经历了从浓艳到淡雅的变化。

Early blue and white porcelain had simple patterns and single colours, mostly in Islamic style, which was closely related to the trade on the Maritime Silk Road at that time. During the Yongle and Xuande periods of the Ming Dynasty, blue and white porcelain began to incorporate more Chinese elements, such as traditional patterns of dragons, phoenixes, landscapes, and figures. With the continuous advancement of porcelain-making technology, the hair colour of blue and white porcelain has also changed from vibrant to elegant.

·回青，有产于西域、新疆、云南等多种说法。此料发色菁幽泛紫，若单独使用则浑散不收，故多与石子青混合使用。明代嘉靖至万历前期多用此料。其中分上青：混入石子青10%，用于混水（填色），发色青亮；中青：混入石子青40%，用于设色（勾勒轮廓），笔路分明清晰。

·浙料，又称浙青，产于浙江绍兴、金华一带。国产料中以浙料最为上乘，其发色青翠，明代万历中期至清代，景德镇官窑青花器均采用此料

·Huiqing is said to have originated in various regions such as the Western Regions, Xinjiang, and Yunnan. This material has a green and purple colour, and if used alone, it will be scattered and not collected, so it is often mixed with stone green. This material was commonly used from the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty to the early Wanli period. Among them, the upper part is blue, mixed with 10% stone green, used for mixing water (colouring), and produces a bright green colour. Medium green: is mixed with 40% stone green, used for colouring (outlining), with clear and distinct strokes.

·Zhe Liao, also known as Zhe Qing, is produced in the Shaoxing and Jinhua areas of Zhejiang Province. Among domestic materials, Zhejiang material is the most superior, with a green and emerald colour. From the mid-Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, this material was used for blue and white ware in Jingdezhen official kilns

·平等青，又称陂唐青，产于江西乐平。明“空白期”晚期和成化、弘治、正德早期时使用。此料呈色淡雅、青亮、稳定，尤其使成化青花器名噪一时。

·珠明料，产于云南宣威、会泽、宜良等县，其中以宣威料最好。此料发色明丽纯正。康熙青花多采用此料。

·石子青，又称石青，产于江西高安、宜丰、上高一带。此料单独使用时，青花发色灰暗甚至发黑，明清二代民窑普遍采用此料，官窑则用于与回青调和使用。

·Pingping Qing, also known as Beitang Qing, is produced in Leping, Jiangxi. Used during the late Ming Dynasty's "blank period" and the early periods of Chenghua, Hongzhi, and Zhengde. This material has a light and elegant colour, a bright green colour, and stability, especially making Chenghua blue and white ware famous for a while.

·Zhuming material is produced in counties such as Xuanwei, Huize, and Yiliang in Yunnan, with Xuanwei material being the best. This material has a bright and pure hair colour. Kangxi blue and white porcelain often use this material.

·Shiziqing, also known as stone green, is produced in the areas of Gao'an, Yifeng, and Shanggao in Jiangxi Province. When this material is used alone, the blue and white hair colour is dull or even black. It was widely used in Ming and Qing Dynasty folk kilns, while it was used in official kilns to blend with Hui Qing.

·苏麻离青，即苏泥麻青、苏勃泥青、苏泥勃青等。其名称的来源，一说是来自波斯语“苏来曼”的译音。此料属低锰高铁类钴料，故青花呈色浓重青翠，有“铁锈斑痕”，俗称“锡光”。元青花的一部分和明永乐、宣德官窑所用青料均是这种，产地均在古波斯或今叙利亚一带。

·化学青料，即用化学制品氧化钴配制的青料。发色紫蓝、纯粹、浓艳，但轻浮而缺乏附着力，价格也低廉。使用此料制作的青花器，缺乏天然青料的美感。

·Su Ma Li Qing, also known as Su Ni Ma Qing, Su Bo Ni Qing, Su Ni Bo Qing, etc. The origin of its name is said to come from the transliteration of the Persian word 'Sulaiman'. This material belongs to the low manganese and high-speed iron cobalt material, so the blue and white colour is thick and green, with "rust marks", commonly known as "tin light". Part of the Yuan blue and white porcelain, as well as the green materials used in the Ming Yongle and Xuande official kilns, were all of this type, with their origins in ancient Persia or present-day Syria.

·Chemical green material refers to green material prepared by oxidising cobalt with chemical products. The hair colour is purple, blue, pure, and rich, but it is light and lacks adhesion, and the price is also low. The blue and white ware made with this material lacks the beauty of natural green materials.

·色彩独特：青花瓷以钴蓝为装饰色，色彩纯净、明亮，对比度高，给人以清新雅致的感觉。

·图案精美：青花瓷的图案多采用中国传统元素，如山水、花鸟、人物等，线条流畅，构图严谨，富有意境。

·Unique colour: Blue and white porcelain is decorated with cobalt blue, which is pure, bright, and has high contrast, giving people a fresh and elegant feeling.

·Exquisite patterns: The patterns of blue and white porcelain often use traditional Chinese elements, such as mountains, waters, flowers, birds, and figures, with smooth lines, rigorous composition, and rich artistic conception.

·工艺精湛：制作过程中，需经过多次烧制，每一道工序都要求极高，最终呈现出细腻光滑的质感。

·文化内涵丰富：青花瓷不仅是一种艺术品，还承载了丰富的历史文化信息，反映了各个时期的审美风尚和社会风貌。

·Exquisite craftsmanship: During the production process, multiple firing steps are required, each with extremely high demands, ultimately presenting a delicate and smooth texture.

·Rich cultural connotations: Blue and white porcelain is not only a work of art but also carries rich historical and cultural information, reflecting the aesthetic trends and social styles of various periods.

非物质文化遗产，是民族智慧的结晶，是历史长河中闪耀的瑰宝。它们承载着先辈们的记忆、情感与创造力，见证了人类文明的演进历程。

Intangible cultural heritage is the crystallisation of national wisdom and a shining gem in the long river of history. They carry the memories, emotions, and creativity of our ancestors, witnessing the evolution of human civilisation.

青花瓷作为中国传统陶瓷文化的瑰宝，在历史的长河中不断传承和发展。在现代社会，青花瓷依然具有重要的艺术价值和文化意义，同时也面临着新的机遇和挑战。我们应该共同努力，推动青花瓷文化的传承与创新发展，让这颗璀璨的明珠在世界陶瓷文化的舞台上绽放出更加耀眼的光芒。

Blue and white porcelain, as a treasure of traditional Chinese ceramic culture, has been continuously inherited and developed in the long river of history. In modern society, blue and white porcelain still holds significant artistic value and cultural significance while also facing new opportunities and challenges. We should work together to promote the inheritance and innovative development of blue and white porcelain culture so that this brilliant pearl can shine even brighter on the stage of world ceramic culture.