二十四节气 ｜ 非物质文化遗产

二十四节气准确的反映了自然节律变化，在人们日常生活中发挥了极为重要的作用。它不仅是指导农耕生产的时间体系，更是包含有丰富民俗事象的民俗系统。

The 24 solar terms accurately reflect the changes in natural rhythms and play a vital role in people's daily lives. It is not only a time system that guides agricultural production but also a folk system that contains rich folk phenomena.

“二十四节气”是上古农耕文明的产物，它是上古先民顺应农时，通过观察天体运行，认知一岁中时令、气候、物候等变化规律所形成的知识体系。廿四节气最初是依据斗转星移制定，北斗七星循环旋转，斗柄顺时针旋转一圈为一周期，谓之一“岁”

The "24 Solar Terms" are a product of ancient agricultural civilisation. They are a knowledge system formed by ancient ancestors who followed the farm season, observed the movement of celestial bodies, and recognised the changing laws of seasons, climate, phenology, and other aspects throughout the year. The 24 solar terms were originally formulated based on the Big Dipper's rotation and the stars' movement. The Big Dipper rotates in a circular motion, and the handle of the Dipper rotates clockwise once as one cycle, known as one "year"

经历史发展，农历吸收了干支历的节气成分作为历法补充，并通过“置闰法”调整使其符合回归年，形成阴阳合历，“二十四节气”也就成为了农历的一个重要部分。

Through historical development, the lunar calendar has absorbed the solar terms of the dry branch calendar as a supplement to the calendar and adjusted it to conform to the tropical year through the "leap method", forming a yin-yang combined calendar. The "24 solar terms" have become an important part of the lunar calendar.

二十四个节气对于后世历书制作影响很大，它是中国传统气象学的核心理论之一。在国际气象界，二十四节气被誉为“中国的第五大发明”。2016年11月30日，二十四节气被正式列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。

The twenty-four solar terms have had a great influence on the production of calendars in later generations, and they are one of the core theories of traditional Chinese meteorology. In the international meteorological community, the 24 solar terms are known as "China's fifth great invention". On November 30, 2016, the 24 solar terms were officially included in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

中国的星象文化源远流长、博大精深，古人很早开始就探索宇宙的奥秘，并由此演绎出了一套完整深奥的观星文化。二十四节气原是依据北斗七星斗柄旋转指向（斗转星移）制定，北斗七星循环旋转，这斗转星移与季节变换有着密切的关系。北斗七星由天枢、天璇、天玑、天权、玉衡、开阳、摇光等七颗星星组成，因北斗七星曲折如斗，故而得名。

China's astrological culture has a long and profound history. Ancient people began to explore the mysteries of the universe early on and derived a complete and profound culture of stargazing from it. The twenty-four solar terms were originally formulated based on the rotation direction of the handle of the Big Dipper, which is closely related to seasonal changes. The Big Dipper rotates circularly. The Big Dipper is composed of seven stars: Tian Shu, Tian Xuan, Tian Ji, Tian Quan, Yu Heng, Kai Yang, and Yao Guang. It is named after the winding and twisting nature of the Big Dipper.

寅月为“春正”，立春为岁首。立春乃万物起始、一切更生之义也。北斗星斗柄指向确立的二十四节气，始于立春，终于大寒，循环往复。

Yin Yue is the "Spring Day", and the beginning of spring is the beginning of the year. The beginning of spring is the beginning of all things and the meaning of all rebirth. The handle of the Beidou constellation points to the established 24 solar terms, starting from the beginning of spring and ending in the great cold, repeating the cycle.

西汉汉武帝时期将“二十四节气”纳入《太初历》作为指导农事的历法补充。采用土圭测日影（平均时间法）在黄河流域测定日影最长、白昼最短（日短至）这天作为冬至日，以冬至日为“二十四节气”的起点，将冬至与下一个冬至之间均分24等份，每“节气”之间的时间相等，每个节气间隔时间15天。“土圭测日影法”划分的节气，把冬至列为“二十四节气”首位，始于冬至，终于大雪。

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the "24 solar terms" were included in the "Taichu Calendar" as a supplementary calendar to guide agricultural work. Using the Tugui method to measure the solar shadow (average time method), the day with the longest solar shadow and shortest daylight (shortest day) in the Yellow River Basin is determined as the winter solstice day. The winter solstice day is taken as the starting point of the "24 solar terms", and the period between the winter solstice and the next winter solstice is divided into 24 equal parts. The time between each "solar term" is equal, and the interval between each solar term is 15 days. The solar terms divided by the "Tu Gui Sun Shadow Measurement Method" rank the winter solstice as the top of the "24 solar terms", starting from the winter solstice and ending with heavy snowfall.

二十四节气，它基本概括了一年中四季交替的准确时间以及大自然中一些物候等自然现象发生的规律。一年四季由“四立”开始，所谓“立”即开始的意思，立春、立夏、立秋、立冬。四季在一年中交替出现，“四立”标示着四季轮换，反映了物候、气候等多方面变化，如春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏，以及日照、降雨、气温等的变化规律。

The 24 solar terms summarise the accurate timing of the four seasons in a year and the laws of natural phenomena such as phenology in nature. The four seasons of the year begin with the "Four Rites", which means the beginning of spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The four seasons alternate throughout the year, and the "four stands" indicate the rotation of the four seasons, reflecting changes in phenology, climate, and other aspects, such as spring growth, summer growth, autumn harvest, winter storage, as well as changes in sunshine, rainfall, temperature, and other patterns.

二十四节气是农耕文明的产物，它是上古先民通过观察天体运行结合地理气候、物候变化规律所形成的知识体系。农耕生产与地理气候资源息息相关，优越的地理气候资源是诞生农耕文明的重要条件。中国位于亚欧大陆东部和太平洋的西岸地区，有着巨大的海陆热力性质差异，从而形成了世界上最为典型的季风气候。季风气候是大陆性气候与海洋性气候的混合型。

The 24 solar terms are a product of agricultural civilisation, which is a knowledge system formed by ancient ancestors through observing the movement of celestial bodies combined with geographical climate and phenological changes. Agricultural production is closely related to geographical and climatic resources, and superior geographical and climatic resources are important conditions for the birth of agricultural civilisation. China is located in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent and the western coast of the Pacific Ocean, with significant differences in land-sea thermal properties, resulting in the world's most typical monsoon climate. Monsoon climate is a mixture of continental climate and oceanic climate.

中国位于北半球，北回归线（黄赤交角）穿越中国境内。北回归线的纬度值为黄赤交角，黄赤交角决定了太阳直射点回归运动的范围，即南北回归线的纬度。它还深刻影响着与其紧密联系的其它自然地理现象，如地球上四季变化以及五带、气压带、风带、气候带、自然带变化等等自然现象。“二十四节气”编排与这条特殊天文纬线以及中国的气候类型有着密切的关系。

China is located in the northern hemisphere, with the Tropic of Cancer (Tropic of Cancer) crossing its borders. The latitude value of the Tropic of Cancer is the obliquity of obliquity, which determines the range of the solar zenith's return motion, that is, the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer. It also profoundly affects other natural geographical phenomena closely related to it, such as the seasonal changes on Earth, as well as natural phenomena such as the five zones, pressure zones, wind zones, climate zones, and natural zone changes. The arrangement of the "24 solar terms" is closely related to this special astronomical latitude line and the climate types in China.

作为传统的农业社会，古人相当重视立春岁首，在期间会举行多种民俗活动。上古时代，礼俗所重的不是阴历正月塑，而是立春日；重大的拜神祭祖、驱邪消灾、祈年纳福、迎新春等均安排在立春日及其前后几天举行；这一系列的节庆活动不仅构成了后世岁首节庆的框架，而且它的民俗功能也一直遗存至今。

As a traditional agricultural society, ancient people attached great importance to the beginning of spring and held various folk activities during this period. In ancient times, the emphasis of etiquette and customs was not on the sculpture of the first lunar month but on the establishment of the Spring Festival. Major activities such as worshipping gods and ancestors, dispelling evil and disasters, praying for good luck and blessings, and welcoming the New Year are all scheduled to be held on the day of the Beginning of Spring and the days before and after it. This series of festival activities not only constitutes the framework of the year-end festival in later generations but also its folk functions have been preserved to this day.

从节气规律来说，立春是“阴阳”之气中阳气升发的起始，自立春起阴阳转化，阳气上升，立春标示着万物更生、新轮回开启；而冬至则是太阳回返的始点，自冬至起太阳高度回升、白昼逐日增长，冬至标示着太阳新生、太阳往返运动进入新的循环。在“四时八节”当中，冬至的重要程度不亚于立春岁节。在漫长的农耕社会中，二十四节气发挥着重要作用，拥有丰富的文化内涵。诸如立春、冬至、清明等一些节气既是自然节气也是民间重要节日。其它节气也衍生出大量与之相关的民俗文化。

From the perspective of seasonal rules, Lichun is the beginning of the rise and development of yang energy in the "yin and yang" qi. Starting from Lichun, yin and yang transform, and yang energy rises. Lichun marks the rebirth of all things and the beginning of a new cycle. The winter solstice is the starting point of the sun's return, from which the sun's height rises and the daylight increases day by day. The winter solstice marks the rebirth of the sun and the entry of a new cycle of its back-and-forth movement. In the "Four Seasons and Eight Festivals", the importance of the Winter Solstice is no less than that of the Spring Festival. In the long agricultural society, the 24 solar terms played an important role and had rich cultural connotations. Some solar terms, such as Lichun, Winter Solstice, Qingming, etc., are not only natural solar terms but also important folk festivals. Other solar terms have also given rise to a large number of folk cultures related to them.

二十四节气是上古农耕文明的产物，它在中国传统农耕文化中占有极其重要的位置，其背后蕴含了中华民族悠久的文化内涵和历史积淀。二十四节气既是历代官府颁布的时间准绳，也是指导农业生产的指南针，日常生活中人们预知冷暖雪雨的指南针。二十四节气从古至今对人们的生活、文化有着实用价值。

The 24 solar terms are a product of ancient agricultural civilisation and occupy an extremely important position in traditional Chinese agricultural culture. They contain the long-standing cultural connotations and historical accumulation of the Chinese nation. The 24 solar terms are not only the time standards issued by the government throughout history but also the compass guiding agricultural production and the compass for people to predict cold, warm, snow, and rain in daily life. The 24 solar terms have practical value for people's lives and culture from ancient times to the present day.

在早期观象授时时代，农事周期就是庆典周期，有些节气也就是节日。虽然此后由于在历史发展中阴阳合历历法的推广，节气与节日发生了分离，但许多节气仍旧被作为节日保留了下来。几乎每个节气也都有自己丰富多彩的节气习俗活动。这些活动，可大体归纳为如下几个方面：奉祀神灵，以应天时；崇宗敬祖，维护亲情；除凶祛恶，以求平安；休闲娱乐，放松心情。此外，几乎每个节气也都有自己特殊的饮食习俗。遵循传统“天人合一，顺应四时”的理念，以二十四节气为中心，还形成了丰富的养生习俗，如立春补肝、立夏补水、立秋滋阴、立冬补阴等。与此同时，围绕二十四节气，亦产生了数量众多的故事传说以及诗词歌赋等，集中表达了人们的思想情感与精神寄托。

In the early era of observing and timing, the agricultural cycle was a celebration cycle, and some solar terms were also festivals. Although solar terms and festivals were separated due to the promotion of the yin-yang calendar in historical development, many solar terms were still preserved as festivals. Almost every solar term also has its own rich and colourful customs and activities. These activities can be roughly summarised into the following aspects: worshipping gods and goddesses to correspond to the timing of heaven; Respecting the emperor and ancestors, maintaining family ties; Eliminating evil and seeking peace; Leisure and entertainment, relaxing the mind. In addition, almost every solar term also has its special dietary customs. Following the traditional concept of "harmony between heaven and man, following the four seasons", with the 24 solar terms as the centre, rich health customs have also been formed, such as nourishing the liver at the beginning of spring, replenishing water at the beginning of summer, nourishing yin at the beginning of autumn, and nourishing yin at the beginning of winter. At the same time, around the 24 solar terms, numerous stories, legends, poems, and songs have emerged, expressing people's thoughts, emotions, and spiritual aspirations.

总之，围绕着二十四节气，形成了众多的信仰、禁忌、仪式、礼仪、娱乐、饮食、养生、传说、故事等习俗活动。因此，对人们来说，二十四节气不仅是一种时间体系，更是一套具有丰富内涵的生活与民俗系统。二十四节气之所以能在民众日常社会生活中日益流行与普及开来，与此有直接关系。

In short, around the 24 solar terms, numerous customs and activities such as beliefs, taboos, rituals, ceremonies, entertainment, diet, health preservation, legends, and stories have been formed. Therefore, for people, the 24 solar terms are not only a time system but also a set of life and folk customs with rich connotations. The reason why the 24 solar terms have become increasingly popular and popularised in people's daily social lives is directly related to this.

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