徽派盆景 | 非物质文化遗产

徽派盆景

徽派盆景是以古徽州命名的盆景艺术流派。它以歙县的卖花渔村为代表，包括绩溪、黟县、休宁等地民间制作的盆景，以古朴、奇特、遒劲、凝重、浑厚为其特色，开创一派独特的传统艺术风格，已有800多年的历史，以游龙梅桩驰名海内盆苑，并于清乾隆年间在绩溪仁里等地形成了每12年一举、规模宏大的徽派盆景展览。

Huizhou-style bonsai is a bonsai art school named after the ancient Huizhou region. It is represented by the flower-selling fishing village in Shexian County, including bonsai made by folk in Jixi, Yixian, Xiuning and other places. It is characterised by its simplicity, uniqueness, strength, solemnity, and richness, creating a unique traditional art style with a history of more than 800 years. It is famous for its "Youlongmei Pile" bonsai gardens in the sea, and during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it formed a large-scale exhibition of Huizhou bonsai every 12 years in Renli and other places in Jixi.

卖花渔村位于新安江上游的南岸沟谷腹地，村名因地形似鱼状、人以卖花为业而得。新安江及其支流蜿蜒伸曲于山谷盆地之中，犹如一条青丝带，缥缈掩映于群山之间，奇峰秀拔，风景绝妙。自古以来赢得许多羁人过客留恋，这大好的山水，清奇古怪的松柏，为盆景创作提供了自然范例。

The Flower Selling Fishing Village is located in the hinterland of a valley on the south bank of the upper reaches of the Xin'an River. The village's name is derived from its fish-like terrain and the fact that people make a living by selling flowers. The Xin'an River and its tributaries meander through the valleys and basins like a green ribbon, ethereal and hidden among the mountains, with stunning peaks and stunning scenery. Since ancient times, it has won the love of many wayward travellers. This beautiful landscape, with its unique pine and cypress trees, provides a natural example of bonsai creation.

一.   梅花龙桩

龙桩盆景主要用梅花，也有用碧桃、罗汉松树种素材进行造型。整体形象犹如一条游龙，有龙头(罗汉松不作龙头)、龙身、龙爪和龙尾。梅花龙桩有低桩、中桩、高桩之分。低桩高度在1米左右，中桩在1米以上，高桩在2米以上。在旧时，龙桩一般都成对制作和出售，每对造型、高低要一致，严格时梅花品种也相同。

二.   三台式盆景

三台式盆景的素构‘主要有梅花、圆柏、罗汉松等。现以罗汉松为例谈造型的方法。罗汉松为罗汉松科常绿乔木，叶条状披针形，有长叶和短叶之分。罗汉松枝干在幼时较柔软，老时则硬。罗汉松造型操作应在秋冬和春中四月以前进行。发芽后，枝干含水分较多，弯曲时容易折断。

One Plum Blossom Dragon Pile

Longzhuang bonsai is mainly made of plum blossom but also green peach and Podocarpus species. The overall image is like a dragon, with a dragon head (not a dragon head), a dragon body, a dragon claw and a dragon tail. Plum blossom dragon stakes can be divided into low stakes, medium stakes, and high stakes. The height of the low pile is about 1 meter, the middle pile is over 1 meter, and the high pile is over 2 meters. In ancient times, dragon stakes were usually made and sold in pairs, with each pair having the same shape and height, and strictly speaking, the plum blossom variety was also the same.

II Three desktop bonsai

The texture of three table bonsai mainly includes plum blossom, juniper and arhat pine. Let's take Luohansong as an example to talk about modelling methods. Podocarpus mongolicus is an evergreen tree of the Podocarpus family. Its leaves are strip-shaped and lanceolate and can be divided into long leaves and short leaves. The branches and trunks of Podocarpus arvensis are soft when young and hard when old. The modelling operation of Podocarpus should be carried out before autumn, winter, spring and April. After germination, the branches contain more moisture and are prone to breakage when bent.

三.   扭旋式盆景

特点是主干用螺旋弯，即徽州花农所说的磨盘弯蟠扎，而出枝也都在弯的外侧，枝片虽有前有后，但基本上是左右出枝。一般中小型盆景，主干只2～3弯，邻近弯之间的水平间距15—20厘米或更小。扭旋式常用于梅花、罗汉松、圆柏、紫薇、小叶栀子花等树种的主干造型。

四.   疙瘩式盆景

疙瘩式盆景造型的特点是在主干基部(有时在中部)将主干绕结成疙瘩，以增加局部粗度和形态变化，以此增强盆景的韵味和新奇感的一种款式。当地花农也叫它为纽扣式。主要用于：罗汉松、圆柏和梅花盆景主干造型中。而树冠的造型一般为三台式、变化台式或杂桩(自然式)树冠。

Three.Twisted bonsai

The characteristic is that the main stem is twisted and coiled with a spiral, which is what Huizhou flower farmers call a grinding disc, and the branches are also on the outer side of the bend. Although the branches have a front and back, they are left and right branches. Generally, small and medium-sized bonsai have a main trunk with only 2-3 bends, and the horizontal spacing between adjacent bends is 15-20 centimetres or less. Twist type is commonly used for trunk modelling of plum blossom, arhat pine, juniper, crape myrtle, small leaf gardenia and other tree species.

Four.Knot shaped bonsai

The characteristic of the lump-shaped bonsai design is wrapping the main stem into lumps at the base (sometimes in the middle) to increase local thickness and shape changes, thereby enhancing the charm and novelty of the bonsai. Local flower farmers also call it button style. It is mainly used in the modelling of the main trunk of arhat pine, juniper and plum potted landscape. The shape of the tree crown is generally a three-platform, variable platform, or mixed pile (natural style) crown.

五.   杂桩盆景

徽州花农历史上把上述按一定款式蟠扎、培养成型的树桩盆景如游龙、三台式等视为正款，而将未能按一定规则蟠扎、培养成的树桩盆景列为杂桩，也叫野款。所谓杂桩，是因桩景形式多样，又不同于正款桩，所以称杂。所谓野款，就是仿照山野自然树木形态的款式，也就是自然式树桩盆景。

六.   水石盆景

微派传统水石盆景主要素材有砂积石、太湖石和石灰石等盆大都用黟县青石凿成，多为深盆，有长方形、圆形等。

Five Mixed pile bonsai

In the history of Huizhou flower farmers, the above-mentioned bonsai with tree stumps that were tied and cultivated according to certain styles, such as Youlong and Santai, were regarded as official styles, while bonsai with tree stumps that were not tied and cultivated according to certain rules were classified as miscellaneous styles, also known as wild styles. The so-called miscellaneous piles are called miscellaneous piles because they have various forms of scenery and are different from regular piles. The so-called wild style refers to a style that imitates the natural shape of trees in the mountains, that is, a natural style tree stump bonsai.

VI Water stone bonsai

The main materials of the micro-style traditional water and stone bonsai are sandstone, the Taihu Lake Lake stone and limestone, and the basins are mostly chiselled from Yixian bluestone. Most of them are deep basins, rectangular and round.

造型风格及特色徽派盆景以梅花,圆柏,黄山松为代表树种,采用棕皮,树筋等材料,"粗扎粗剪".徽派盆景的造型风格古朴奇特,传统盆景的造型以规则式为主,主要有"游龙式","三台式","疙瘩式","扭旋式","屏风式":尤以"游龙式"梅花盆景最为有名,其树干左右弯曲,冉冉而上,犹如龙游云海,成为传统徽派盆景的主要形式.其造型高大,端庄,雄伟,于素雅中见秀逸,于奇古中观苍劲.自然型则多姿多彩,无一定格律.

Modelling style and characteristics Hui style bonsai takes plum blossom, juniper and Mount Huangshan pine as the representative tree species, uses palm bark, tree tendons and other materials, and "roughly ties and roughly cuts" The style of Huizhou bonsai is ancient and unique, with traditional bonsai mainly featuring regular shapes such as "dragon style", "three table style", "knot style", "twist and twist style", and "screen style". Among them, the "dragon style" plum blossom bonsai is the most famous, with its trunk curved left and right, rising slowly like a dragon swimming in a sea of clouds, becoming the main form of traditional Huizhou bonsai Its shape is tall, dignified, and majestic, showing elegance in simplicity and strength in antiquity The natural type is colourful and has no fixed rhythm.