锔瓷 | 非物质文化遗产

中国有句古话，叫“没有金刚钻，别揽瓷器活”。

这说的是一门古老的民间手艺——“锔瓷”

There is an ancient Chinese saying that goes, 'Without diamond, do not take care of porcelain.'.

This is about an ancient folk craft - "curia porcelain"

就是把打碎的瓷器，用像订书钉一样的金属“锔子”，再修复起来的技术。

It is the technique of repairing broken porcelain using metal "bolts" like staples.

中国是瓷器的故乡，自然就有锔补修复瓷器这一行当，根据锔瓷地域的发展逐渐形成各自手法形成了中国、日本、欧洲三个最大的策源地。日本将传统锔瓷后用蛋清和白磁粉填缝改成了大漆金缮所以称柳钉锔。日本《蚂蝗绊茶瓯记》有记载。欧洲锔瓷根据考证为早期赴欧洲的华工带去的技术。

China is the homeland of porcelain, and naturally, there is a profession of repairing and restoring porcelain with curia. Based on the development of curia porcelain regions, their respective techniques have gradually formed the three largest origins of China, Japan, and Europe. Japan changed the traditional curia porcelain from egg white and white magnetic powder filling to lacquer gold repair, hence the name Yanagi nai curia. There is a record in the Japanese book "The Story of Grasshopper Catching Tea". According to research, European curia porcelain is a technology brought by early Chinese workers who went to Europe.

锔补修复瓷器这一行当的产生是与中国瓷器的发展有着密切的相关的联系的。起初于何时已无法考证。

锔瓷这一行当，在民间被称作锢炉匠。最初是为谋生而产生的一门手艺。是“街挑子”之中的一员，也是被人看不起看作是下九流的行当，可却是人们生活中不可缺少的东西。因为瓷器是贵族阶级的宠物，从外国人对中国人的称呼（CHINA），瓷器就是中国，中国就是瓷器，就充分体现出瓷器在等级阶级上的价值，而老百姓和贫民对瓷器却是一种可望而不可及的奢望，所以对拥有的瓷器视为宝贝。

The emergence of the industry of repairing and repairing porcelain is closely related to the development of Chinese porcelain. In the beginning, it was impossible to verify when.

The craft of making porcelain is known among the common people as a bricklayer. It was originally a craft created for making a living. He is one of the "street pickers" and is often looked down upon as a lowly professional, but he is an indispensable part of people's lives. Because porcelain is the pet of the aristocratic class, from the foreigners' name of China, porcelain is China, and China is porcelain, which fully reflects the value of porcelain in the hierarchy, while the ordinary people and the poor are a kind of coveted but unreachable extravagance for porcelain, so they regard the porcelain they own as treasure.

瓷器坚硬耐磨，更可持久使用，可瓷器的致命弱点是易碎，每当一件瓷器破碎后，便无计可施，留着无用，弃之可惜，匠人们便开始琢磨如何将破碎的瓷器修补好，经过了艰苦的摸索实践，失败成功，在实践中总结、理顺、规范出一套合理的锔瓷技艺，其中最大的贡献就是发明了独一无二的“金刚钻”和“锔钉”，继而便产生了锔补修复瓷器这一行当。

Porcelain is hard and wear-resistant and can be used for a long time. However, the fatal weakness of porcelain is its fragility. Whenever a piece of porcelain is broken, there is nothing to do, and it is useless to keep it. It is a pity to discard it. Craftsmen began to figure out how to repair the broken porcelain. After arduous exploration and practice, they failed and successfully summarised, sorted out, and standardised a set of reasonable cloisonn é porcelain techniques in practice. The biggest contribution was the invention of the unique "diamond" and "cloisonn é nail", which then gave rise to the profession of cloisonn é porcelain repair。

锔补修复这一行当，随着中国瓷器业的兴旺发展延续，自然中形成了山东、河南、河北三大派，山东的金刚钻为皮钻，河南的金刚钻为弓钻。河北的金刚钻为砣钻。山东派的皮钻是由三条皮绳往反拉伸，旋转平稳，对钻头、瓷器都有保障，三大派的三种金刚钻，虽然形状不同，操作不同，但是钻头却是相同的，都是钻石或金刚钻，而且锔钉也大致相同，只是钉脚不同而已，锔瓷的过程也大致相同。

With the prosperous development of China's porcelain industry, the industry of repairing and repairing has naturally formed three major schools: Shandong, Henan, and Hebei. The diamond in Shandong is a leather diamond, and the diamond in Henan is a bow diamond. The diamond in Hebei is heavy. The leather drills of the Shandong style are composed of three leather ropes that stretch back and rotate smoothly, protecting both drill bits and porcelain. Although the three types of diamond drills of the three major styles have different shapes and operations, the drill bits are the same, all of which are diamonds or diamond drills, and the diamond nails are roughly the same, except for the nail feet. The process of diamond porcelain is also roughly the same.

1．锔瓷第一步就是找碴，对缝，对破损的瓷器恢复原状，准备修补。

2．第二步定位点记，根据瓷器的纹饰结构以及样式张合位置和位点，以及锔钉数量和位置。

The first step in making porcelain is to find debris, align the seams, restore the damaged porcelain to its original state, and prepare for repair.

2. The second step is to mark the positioning points based on the decorative structure and style of the porcelain, as well as the position and location of the opening and closing points and the number and position of the nails.

3．第三步就是打孔，用金刚钻打孔。金刚钻是长约10公分的铁钻杆，在铁钻杆的套着毛笔杆粗细竹外套，外套的两端用剪刀铁箍把铁钻杆和竹外套固定在一起，再在普通的钻具用铜焊把钻石镶嵌在工具头部做成，金刚钻，然后用金刚钻钻孔，打孔也是对锔瓷人的一大考验，有些瓷器厚度就几毫米，打孔时都是毫厘之差；一是手要拿得稳，对的准，最好不能打穿，有时不小心打穿了，还得多加几道工序把孔填补起来；其二是孔要对称，不能有一点偏差。

The third step is to drill holes using a diamond drill. Diamond is an iron drill rod about 10 centimetres long, which is covered with a bamboo jacket of the same thickness as a brush rod. The two ends of the jacket are fixed together with scissors and iron hoops. Then, a diamond is embedded in the tool head with copper welding on a regular drilling tool to make a diamond. Diamond is then drilled with a gold diamond, which is also a major test for the porcelain worker. Some porcelain pieces are only a few millimetres thick, and the difference in drilling is a millimetre. Firstly, the hand should be held firmly and accurately, preferably not pierced. Sometimes, if accidentally pierced, additional steps need to be taken to fill the hole. The second is that the holes should be symmetrical without any deviation.

4．第四步锔钉，锔钉制作体现手艺人的水平，锔钉的韧性和制作锔钉的水平，也决定着锔补器皿的使用寿命。锔钉分为金钉、铜钉、花钉，锔钉的大小，得根据器物的大小以及破损程度来计算。这样，器物修复后不仅盛水不易漏，而且还给器物本身增添了几分韵味。当然，这些步骤和细节都与锔瓷艺人长期积累的经验息息相关。

5．第五步用鸡蛋清和瓷粉调和补漏，防止瓷器漏水，这样完整的锔瓷就完成了。

4. The fourth step is the production of nails, which reflects the skill level of the craftsman. The toughness of the nails and the level of nail production also determine the service life of the nail repair vessel. Clam nails are divided into gold nails, copper nails, and flower nails. The size of the nail should be calculated based on the size and degree of damage to the object. In this way, after the restoration of the object, not only does it prevent water leakage, but it also adds a touch of charm to the object itself. Of course, these steps and details are closely related to the long-term accumulated experience of the porcelain artist

Step 5: Mix egg white and porcelain powder to fill the leak and prevent the porcelain from leaking. This completes the complete process of the porcelain.

锔瓷技艺能使破碎的瓷器复原再生，变换成另一类独具观赏和艺术价值的瓷文化工艺美术品。

The art of porcelain carving can restore and regenerate broken porcelain, transforming it into another type of porcelain cultural and artistic art with unique ornamental and artistic value.

非物质文化遗产，是民族智慧的结晶，是历史长河中闪耀的瑰宝。它们承载着先辈们的记忆、情感与创造力，见证了人类文明的演进历程。

Intangible cultural heritage is the crystallisation of national wisdom and a shining gem in the long river of history. They carry the memories, emotions, and creativity of our ancestors, witnessing the evolution of human civilisation.

锔刻瓷技艺所蕴含的中华民族特色是民间静态文化传统的代表，具有见证中国瓷文化发展的独特价值，是研究中国民族民间以及现货的标本。锔刻瓷技艺不仅仅是一种民间绝活的体现，是中华民族精神的寄托，更是研究民间技艺、经济、文化特征的活化石。具有促进中华民族文化的发展和促进社会经济发展的作用。

The Chinese national characteristics contained in the technique of carving porcelain are representatives of folk static cultural traditions, with unique value in witnessing the development of Chinese porcelain culture. It is a specimen for studying Chinese ethnic folk culture and spot goods. The art of carving porcelain is not only a manifestation of folk skills but also a spiritual embodiment of the Chinese nation. It is also a living fossil for studying folk skills economic and cultural characteristics. It plays a role in promoting the development of Chinese national culture and socio-economic development.

欢迎非遗传承人联系我们进行推广与学习.

合作请联系后台，看到消息后我们会第一时间回复您.