—— Bronze ——
bronze & vessel
它们是时间的见证
见证时间的沉淀和历史的流转
They are witnesses of time
Witness the sedimentation of time and the flow of history🍃
HISTORY
A long history of development
Exquisite illustrations
仰韶文化时期，1973 年在临潼姜寨遗址发现含铅锡的黄铜铸造铜片。马家窑文化时期，甘肃东乡林家出土青铜刀。齐家文化时期，铜制工具和生活用具种类增多，出现铜镜。龙山文化时期，河南、山东等地出土红铜与青铜制品，青铜冶铸工艺技术有一定发展。
During the Yangshao Culture period, in 1973, brass-cast copper sheets containing lead and tin were discovered at the Jiangzhai site in Lintong. During the Majiayao culture period, bronze knives were unearthed from the Lin family in Dongxiang, Gansu. During the Qi family culture period, the variety of copper tools and household utensils increased, leading to the emergence of bronze mirrors. During the Longshan Culture period, red copper and bronze products were unearthed in Henan, Shandong and other places, and the technology of bronze smelting and casting developed to a certain extent.
二里头文化时期，河南偃师等豫西地区出现二里头文化，是中国进入青铜时代的开始，有青铜工具、武器和大型青铜容器等，采用铜、锡、铅合金，铸造技术有所进步。
During the Erlitou Culture period, the Erlitou Culture emerged in Yanshi and other western Henan regions, marking the beginning of China's entry into the Bronze Age. Bronze tools, weapons, and large bronze containers were made using copper, tin, and lead alloys, and casting techniques made progress.
商代是奴隶制发展成熟时期，青铜冶铸业高度发展，王室和奴隶主贵族控制，分为前期和后期。西周时期，青铜礼器数量多、制作精美，代表着当时最高工艺水平，纹饰种类丰富，有饕餮纹、蝉纹等，且铭文增多，具有重要史料价值。
The Shang Dynasty was a period of mature development of slavery, with a highly developed bronze smelting industry and control by the royal family and slave-owning nobles, divided into the early and late periods. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were a large number of bronze ritual vessels with exquisite craftsmanship, representing the highest level of craftsmanship at that time. The decorative patterns were diverse, including Taotie patterns, cicada patterns, and more inscriptions, which had important historical value.
战国末期至秦汉末年，传统礼仪制度瓦解，铁制品广泛使用，青铜器地位下降，器物日用化，但仍有精美作品，如秦代铜车马等 。东汉末年，陶瓷器发展，日用青铜器皿进一步被排挤。
From the end of the Warring States period to the end of the Qin and Han dynasties, the traditional etiquette system collapsed, iron products were widely used, the status of bronze ware declined, and objects were used for daily purposes. However, there were still exquisite works, such as Qin Dynasty bronze chariots and horses. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, with the development of ceramics, daily bronze vessels were further marginalised.
MAKE
Complex preparation techniques
MAKE
范铸法
也叫块范法、土范法，是商周时代最先采用且应用最广的青铜器铸造法23.
先制作欲铸器物的模型，即模或母范，再用泥土敷在模型外面，脱出用来形成铸件外廓的外范，外范要分割成数块以便脱模。同时，用泥土制一个与容器内腔相当的内范。然后使内外范套合，中间空隙为型腔，最后将熔化的铜液注入此空隙内，待冷却后，除去内外范即得器物。
mold casting process
Also known as the block casting method or soil casting method, it was the earliest and most widely used bronze casting method in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
First, make a model of the object to be cast, namely the mould or mother mould, and then apply soil on the outside of the model to remove the outer mould used to form the outline of the casting. The outer mould should be divided into several pieces for demolding. At the same time, create an inner space with soil that is equivalent to the interior of the container. Then, fit the inner and outer moulds together, with the middle gap being the mould cavity. Finally, inject the melted copper liquid into this gap, and after cooling, remove the inner and outer moulds to obtain the object.
失蜡法
用易熔材料，常见的是蜡来制作铸型34.
先用泥制出内范，内范外贴蜡，在蜡模上雕刻纹饰，复杂器物可分别制作蜡模再组装。之后在整体模型外部以泥填充加固制成外范，加热让蜡熔掉得到型腔，向型腔内注入熔融的青铜液，待铜液冷却凝固后，除去填充的泥，便可得到与蜡模相同的青铜器
Lost wax method
Using fusible materials, commonly wax, to make molds
First, use clay to create an inner mould, then apply wax to the outer mould and carve patterns on it. Complex objects can be separately made into wax moulds and assembled. Afterwards, the outer part of the overall model is reinforced with mud filling to create an outer mould. Heating is used to melt the wax and obtain the mould cavity. The molten bronze liquid is injected into the mould cavity, and after the copper liquid cools and solidifies, the filled mud is removed to obtain the same bronze ware as the wax mould.
浑铸法
指一次浇铸成型的铸造方法，主要用于铸造简单的器物或器物的附件。
先制作器物的模型，然后根据模型制作外范和内范，将内外范组合后，直接将青铜液浇注到型腔内，一次浇铸完成整个器物或附件的铸造。
Hunzhu method
The casting method of one-time casting is mainly used for casting simple objects or accessories of objects.
First, make a model of the object, then create the outer and inner moulds based on the model. After combining the inner and outer moulds, pour the bronze liquid directly into the mould cavity and complete the casting of the entire object or accessory in one casting.
分铸法
是将器物的主体和附件分别铸造，然后再将附件与主体连接在一起的铸造方法。
先铸造器物的主体部分，再根据主体上预留的连接部位，制作附件的模型和铸型，浇铸出附件后，通过焊接、榫卯连接等方式将附件固定在主体上，从而完成整个器物的制作。
Split casting method
It is a casting method of separately casting the main body and accessories of the object and then connecting the accessories to the main body.
First, cast the main body of the object, then make a model and mould of the accessories based on the reserved connection parts on the main body. After casting the accessories, fix them to the main body through welding, mortise and tenon connections, etc., thus completing the production of the entire object.
SOME
种类：
酒器：有爵，前有流，后有尾，旁有鋬，口有两柱，下有三足，是最早出现的青铜礼器之一；尊，高体，大型或中型容酒器，有肩大口尊、觚形尊、鸟兽尊等；卣，椭圆口、深腹、圈足，有盖和提梁；觥，椭圆形或方形器身，圈足或四足，带盖，多作兽头或象头形
食器：鼎，可煮或盛放鱼肉，圆腹、两耳、三足或四足；鬲，煮饭用，侈口、三空足；甗，相当于蒸锅，分上甑下鬲；簋，盛饭用，圆腹、侈口、圈足、有二耳1.
水器：盘，盛水或承接水，多为圆形、浅腹、有圈足或三足；匜，与盘配套用于洗手，前有流，后有鋬；鉴，可盛水照面、盛冰或沐浴洗澡.
乐器：有钟、鼓、铙等。编钟是常见的青铜乐器，由大小不同的扁圆钟按音调高低的次序排列悬挂，用木槌敲击演奏。
兵器：包括戈、矛、剑、戟等，戈是商周时期常见的格斗兵器，由援、内、胡等部分组成；剑则是短兵器，用于近身格斗。
Type:
Wine vessel: It has a noble title, a flowing stream in the front, a tail at the back, a tassel beside it, two pillars at the mouth, and three legs at the bottom. It is one of the earliest bronze ritual vessels to appear; Zun, tall, large or medium-sized wine vessels, including shoulder and mouth Zun, Gouxing Zun, bird and beast Zun, etc; Jar, oval mouth, deep belly, round feet, with lid and lifting beam; Cup, oval or square body, with round or four legs, covered, often in the shape of a beast or elephant head.
Food utensil: tripod, which can cook or hold fish with a round belly, two ears, three feet or four feet; Li, used for cooking, luxurious mouth, three empty feet; Gui, equivalent to a steaming pot, is divided into a top steamer and a bottom steamer; Gui, used for holding food, round belly, luxurious mouth, round feet, with two ears
Water dispenser: Plate, used to hold or receive water, often circular, shallow-bellied, with circular or three-legged legs; 匜, paired with a tray for hand washing, with a flow in the front and a dip in the back; Jian, can be used to wash face with water, ice, or take a bath
Musical instruments include clocks, drums, cymbals, etc. Chime bells are common bronze musical instruments consisting of flat round bells of different sizes arranged and hung in order of pitch and played by striking with wooden hammers.
Weapons: including spears, spears, swords, halberds, etc. The spear was a common fighting weapon during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, consisting of parts such as aid, interior, and Hu. Swords are short weapons used in close combat.
青铜器的纹饰：
兽面纹：古称饕餮纹，以鼻梁为中线，两侧对称排列角、目、眉、耳、爪及体躯或兽尾，多衬以云雷纹，常见于鼎等器物，象征王权的神秘威严
龙纹：包括夔纹和夔龙纹等，形象多样，有爬行龙纹、卷体龙纹等。夔纹多为一角一足，口张开，尾上卷，盛行于商和西周前期23.
凤鸟纹： 按照构图形象分为长喙鸟纹、鸱枭纹、雁纹等，多饰于鼎、簋等器物的颈、口、腹、足等部位，盛行于商周时期12.
云雷纹： 是变形线条纹的一种，用柔和回旋线条组成的是云纹，有方折角的回旋线条是雷纹，大都用作地纹，起陪衬主纹的作用，盛行于商中晚期.
Decorative patterns on bronze ware:
Beast face pattern: formerly known as Taotie pattern, with the nose bridge as the centre line, symmetrically arranged on both sides with angles, eyes, eyebrows, ears, claws, body or animal tail, often lined with cloud and thunder patterns. It is commonly seen in tripods and other objects, symbolising the mysterious majesty of royal power.
Dragon pattern: including Kui pattern and Kui dragon pattern, with diverse images such as crawling dragon pattern and coiled dragon pattern. The Kui pattern is mostly one corner and one foot, with an open mouth and a curled tail, which was prevalent in the early Shang and Western Zhou dynasties.
Phoenix pattern: According to the composition image, it can be divided into long beak bird pattern, owl pattern, goose pattern, etc. It is mostly decorated on the neck, mouth, abdomen, feet, and other parts of objects, such as tripods and bamboo baskets, and was popular during the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
Cloud thunder pattern: It is a type of deformation line stripe composed of soft swirling lines called cloud patterns and swirling lines with square corners called thunder patterns. It is mostly used as a ground pattern to complement the main pattern and was popular in the middle and late Shang Dynasty.
青铜器的历史意义
从文化角度来看，青铜器上的纹饰和铭文反映了当时人们的宗教信仰、社会制度和审美观念，是研究古代文化和思想的重要资料
在社会方面，青铜器尤其是礼器，是统治阶级等级制度和权力的象征，如鼎、簋的使用数量与使用者的身份地位严格对应，体现了当时严格的等级秩序
从艺术角度讲，其造型和纹饰具有极高的艺术价值，独特的造型、精美的纹饰展现了古代工匠的高超技艺和创造力，为后世艺术创作提供了借鉴
The historical significance of bronze ware
From a cultural perspective, the patterns and inscriptions on bronze ware reflect the religious beliefs, social systems, and aesthetic concepts of the people at that time and are important materials for studying ancient culture and thought.
In terms of society, bronze ware, especially ritual vessels, are symbols of the ruling class's hierarchical system and power. The number of tripods and baskets used corresponds strictly to the identity and status of the users, reflecting the strict hierarchical order at that time.
From an artistic perspective, its shape and decoration have extremely high artistic value. The unique shape and exquisite decoration showcase the superb skills and creativity of ancient craftsmen, providing a reference for future artistic creation.
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策划 Producer | Zoe
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