北京毛猴｜非物质文化遗产

历史起源

historical origin

毛猴”这项工艺，起源于清朝道光年间。有天，北京一家药铺的伙计无意间摆弄蝉蜕、辛夷、木通、白芨几味中药时发现，把外表毛茸茸的辛夷（玉兰花蕾）做身体，配上蝉蜕的头部和四肢，用木通当“草帽”，最后用白芨粘合后，像一只活灵活现的小猴子，并取名“毛猴”。后来，因其有趣的形象，便在民间流传开来。

The "hairy monkey" craft originated in the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty. One day, a man at a pharmacy in Beijing accidentally fiddled with cicada moult, Xinyi, Mutong, and Baiqi, several flavours of traditional Chinese medicine, and found that the hairy Xinyi (magnolia buds) were used as the body, with the head and limbs of the cicada, and Mutong was used as a "straw hat", and finally glued with Baiqi, like a lively little monkey, and named "hairy monkey". Later, because of its interesting image, it spread among the people.

相关趣事

characteristic

曾有一位英国路透社的记者见到毛猴作品后，很有兴趣，便问："这叫什么？"制作者答道："这叫毛猴。"这位记者说："英文还没有毛猴这个单词。这种艺术品很好，我就为它创造一个英文名称吧。英文称猴子为'蒙克'，称多毛的为'海瑞'，英文毛猴就叫'海瑞蒙克' （hairy monkey）吧。"取完名字后他很得意，说："这是我发明的单词，将来一定能够进入英国大词典的。”

A reporter from Reuters in the United Kingdom was very interested in the work of the hairy monkey and asked, "What is this called?" The maker replied, "It's called a hairy monkey." The reporter said: "There is no word for the hairy monkey in English. It's a good piece of art, so I'll create an English name for it. The English monkey is called 'Munch', the hairy one is called 'Hai Jui', and the English hairy monkey is called 'Hairy Monkey'. After choosing the name, he was very proud and said, "This is a word that I invented, and I will be able to enter the British dictionary in the future." 

制作工序

Production process

制作过程需先对原材料进行精心挑选和处理，如蝉蜕要完整、无残损，辛夷要绒毛丰满。然后，用镊子夹取蝉蜕的部位，蘸白芨熬成的糊糊或乳胶，准确地粘到辛夷上，完成毛猴的基本造型。

The production process needs to carefully select and process the raw materials, such as the cicada moult, which should be complete and undamaged, and the Xinyi, which should be fluffy and plump. Then, use tweezers to pick up the part of the cicada, dip it in the paste or latex boiled by the white root, and accurately stick it to the Xinyi to complete the basic shape of the hairy monkey.

传承影响

Inheritance value

作为老北京的文化符号和历史记忆，深受北京百姓喜爱，是过去庙会上常见的手工艺品，也是过年必备的“年货”之一。其制作技艺被列入北京市非物质文化遗产名录，众多传承人不断传承创新，使其在京城持续焕发生机.国内其他地区：其影响力逐渐扩展至国内其他城市，如在天津，毛猴制作技艺也得到传承和发展，融入当地生活。

As a cultural symbol and historical memory of old Beijing, it is deeply loved by the people of Beijing, and it is a common handicraft at the temple fair in the past. And it is also one of the necessary "New Year's goods" for the New Year. Its production skills have been included in the list of intangible cultural heritage of Beijing, and many inheritors continue to inherit and innovate so that it continues to rejuvenate in Beijing. Other parts of China: Its influence has gradually expanded to other cities in China, such as Tianjin, where the production skills of hairy monkeys have also been inherited and developed, integrated into the local life scene, showing the market life of Tianjin.

其题材多取自老北京世相，生动展现了老北京的民俗风情和生活百态，如涮羊肉、拉洋片等，是老北京民俗文化的重要载体，对研究和传承老北京文化具有重要价值.传统手工艺传承：作为传统手工艺的代表，其制作工艺独特，需手工精心制作，体现了中国传统手工艺的精湛技艺和匠心独运，对传承和弘扬传统手工艺文化意义重大。

Most of its themes are taken from the old Beijing world, vividly showing the folk customs and life of old Beijing, such as shabu mutton, pulling foreign films, etc., which is an important carrier of old Beijing folk culture and has important value for the study and inheritance of old Beijing culture. Inheritance of traditional handicrafts: As a representative of traditional handicrafts, its production process is unique and needs to be carefully made by hand, which reflects the exquisite skills and ingenuity of traditional Chinese handicrafts and is of great significance to the inheritance and promotion of traditional handicraft culture.

其独特的艺术魅力吸引了世界各国友好人士的关注和喜爱，成为中国文化交流的一张名片，一些毛猴作品被带到海外展出，促进了中外文化交流，增进了不同国家和民族之间的相互了解和友谊。

Its unique artistic charm has attracted the attention and love of friendly people from all over the world and has become a business card of China's cultural exchanges. Some hairy monkey works have been brought overseas for exhibition, which has promoted cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and enhanced mutual understanding and friendship between different countries and nations.

传承现状

Significance

在北京什刹海大金丝胡同里有一家郭氏毛猴家庭艺术馆，这家店闹中取静，虽然隐匿于胡同深处，但客人却络绎不绝。郭氏毛猴体验馆门脸并不显眼，屋内略显狭小，郭福田、崔玉兰夫妇二人十多年来就在这里创作着指尖上的工艺品，通过展示和体验，让更多人了解和认识北京毛猴的文化价值。毛猴作为北京传统民间工艺曾经在老北京历史上风行一时，但随着时代变迁，几乎失传。尽管北京毛猴具有很高的艺术价值和文化意义，现在北京能做毛猴的匠人，已经为数不多，传统文化值得传承下去，希望毛猴艺术走的越来越远。

In Beijing's Shichahai Dajinsi Hutong, there is a Guo's Hairy Monkey family art museum, which is quiet in the middle of the hustle, although hidden in the depths of the hutong, there is an endless stream of customers. Guo Futian and Cui Yulan have been creating handicrafts at their fingertips here for more than ten years, and through display and experience, more people can understand and understand the cultural value of Beijing hairy monkeys. As a traditional folk craft in Beijing, the hairy monkey was once popular in the history of old Beijing, but with the changes of the times, it has almost been lost. Although the Beijing hairy monkey has high artistic value and cultural significance, there are now few craftsmen in Beijing who can be the hairy monkey and the traditional culture is worth inheriting, and it is hoped that the hairy monkey art will go further and further.

意义

Significance

老北京毛猴是传统民间手工艺瑰宝。它诞生于老北京的市井生活，以蝉蜕、辛夷等中药材巧妙构建出拟人化的小世界。其制作工艺精细，从材料遴选到精心黏合，尽显匠心。造型上，通过猴的姿态生动复刻老北京的众生相，无论是街头巷尾的小买卖，还是民俗活动的热闹场景，都被鲜活呈现，且蕴含着讽刺与褒扬的情感表达和深刻的人生哲理。它不仅是一件手工艺品，更是老北京文化记忆的鲜活载体，在地域文化传承、民俗风情展现、艺术风格创新以及国际文化交流等多方面都有着不可忽视的影响力与价值，承载着历史与传统，连接着过去与未来，是中华民族传统文化大观园中独具魅力的一抹亮色。

The old Peking hairy monkey is a treasure of traditional folk handicrafts. It was born in the market life of old Beijing and cleverly constructed an anthropomorphic small world with Chinese medicinal materials such as cicadas and Xinyi. The craftsmanship is meticulous, from the selection of materials to the careful bonding. In terms of modelling, the posture of the monkey vividly reproduces the appearance of all beings in old Beijing, whether it is the small business in the streets and alleys or the lively scenes of folk activities, they are all vividly presented and contain irony and praise of emotional expression and profound philosophy of life. It is not only a handicraft but also a living carrier of the cultural memory of old Beijing, which has influence and value that cannot be ignored in many aspects, such as regional cultural inheritance, folk customs display, artistic style innovation and international cultural exchanges, carrying history and tradition, connecting the past and the future, and is a unique charm in the grand view garden of traditional Chinese culture.