西嘎藏纸 | 非物质文化遗产

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“藏地的历史是记载在藏纸上的”。布达拉宫等收藏的经书能够历经千年风雨而保存完好，很重要的一个原因就是因为这些典籍所用纸张都是”藏纸“。直到上世纪50年代，藏纸还在西藏广泛使用。千年来，默默地记录着西藏的历史，见证了西藏的文明进程。

"The history of Tibet is recorded on Tibetan paper." One of the important reasons why the classics collected by the Potala Palace can survive thousands of years of wind and rain and be well preserved is because the paper used in these classics is "Tibetan paper". Tibetan paper was widely used in Tibet until the 1950s. For thousands of years, it has silently recorded the history of Tibet and witnessed the progress of Tibetan civilisation.

#01

藏纸是一种传承千年、独具特色的藏族传统手工艺品。它产生于公元7世纪中叶，是藏地特有的文化产品一一国家非物质文化遗产之一

Tibetan paper is a kind of traditional Tibetan handicraft which has been inherited for thousands of years and has unique characteristics. It was produced in the middle of the 7th century AD and is a unique cultural product of Tibet - one of the national intangible cultural heritage.

据说，自唐朝文成公主入藏带来了造纸术之后，藏地的工匠们在当地找不到中原所使用的竹、稻等原料的情况下，利用高原上特有的狼毒草等植物纤维，经过多道独特工序，制造出了质地坚韧、防虫蛀、防腐烂、不变色的藏纸，使其成为抄写经文、印制佛像、绘制唐卡以及记录政府文书等的重要载体，在西藏的宗教、文化和历史传承中发挥了重要作用.

It is said that since Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty entered Tibet and brought the art of paper making, craftsmen in Tibet used bamboo, rice and other raw materials used in the Central Plains in the local situation and made use of plant fibres such as Wolf poison grass unique to the plateau through multiple unique processes to produce Tibetan paper with tough texture, moth-proof, rot-proof, and non-discoloured. It has become an important carrier for copying scriptures, printing Buddha statues, painting thangkas and recording government documents, and has played an important role in the religious, cultural and historical inheritance of Tibet.

#02

藏纸原料来自喜马拉雅山脉6500米以上生长的一种叫“瑞香狼毒”的灌木树皮，对昆虫有微毒，瑞香科植物。西藏根据资源禀赋，就地取材，主要用狼毒草生产藏纸。狼毒草在高原分布广泛，丰富的原料为藏纸业的发展提供了前提条件，以廉价的原料加工出了具有民族特色的藏纸品种。

The raw material of the Tibetan paper comes from the bark of a shrub called "Daphne Wolf poison", growing above 6500 meters in the Himalayas, which is slightly toxic to insects and is a Daphne family plant. According to the resource endowment, Tibet uses local materials to produce Tibetan paper, mainly from wolfweed. Wolfweed is widely distributed in the plateau, and the abundant raw materials provide the prerequisite for the development of the Tibetan paper industry. And the Tibetan paper varieties with national characteristics are processed with cheap raw materials.

1.采集原料：主要采集狼毒草等植物，通常在其生长旺盛的季节进行，选取根茎部位，因其纤维含量高、质地坚韧，是制作藏纸的优质原料；将采集的狼毒草等原料去除杂质、洗净后，人工或借助简单工具去皮，然后将去皮的原料晾干，以去除水分，便于后续加工。

Collection of raw materials: mainly collect wolfed and other plants, usually in the season of their vigorous growth, select the roots and stems because of their high fibre content and tough texture, which is a high-quality raw material for making Tibetan paper. After removing impurities and washing the raw materials such as wolfed collected, the skin is removed manually or with the help of simple tools, and then the peeled raw materials are dried to remove water and facilitate subsequent processing.

2.熬煮：把晾干的原料放入锅中，加入适量的水以及石灰、土碱等添加剂，进行长时间熬煮，使原料纤维软化、分解，更易加工成纸浆.

Boiling: Put the dried raw materials into the pot, add the right amount of water and additives such as lime soil alkali, and cook for a long time so that the raw material fibres soften, decompose, and are easier to process into pulp.

3.捶打：将熬煮后的原料捞出，放在石板等坚硬平面上，用木槌反复捶打，把原料纤维进一步打散、细化，使其成为均匀的纤维团，直至呈现出薄饼状或泥状.

Hammering: the boiled raw materials are taken out, placed on a hard plane such as a SLATE, and repeatedly beaten with a wooden mallet to further break up and refine the raw material fibres, making it a uniform fibre group until it appears like a pancake or mud.

4.打浆、抄纸：把捶打好的纤维团放入容器中，加入适量水，用搅拌工具或手工搅拌，使纤维充分分散在水中，形成均匀的纸浆悬浮液；将抄纸框等工具浸入纸浆悬浮液中，缓慢平稳地提起，使纸浆均匀附着在框架上，形成湿纸页，控制好提起速度和角度，以保证湿纸页的厚度和均匀度.

Beating and papermaking: Put the beaten fibre ball into the container, add the right amount of water, and stir with mixing tools or hand so that the fibre is fully dispersed in the water, forming a uniform pulp suspension. Dip the paper frame and other tools into the pulp suspension, slowly and smoothly lift so that the pulp is evenly attached to the frame, forming a wet paper page. Control the lifting speed and Angle to ensure the thickness and uniformity of the wet paper page.

5.晾晒：将抄好的湿纸页从抄纸框上揭下，平整地贴在通风良好、阳光充足的地方晾晒，让其自然干燥，干燥过程中注意保持纸张平整，防止出现褶皱或变形.

Drying: Remove the copy of the wet paper from the paper frame, flat paste in a well-ventilated, sunny place to dry, let it dry naturally, and pay attention to keeping the paper flat during the drying process to prevent wrinkles or deformation.

6.打磨：待纸张完全干燥后，用光滑的石头、贝壳等工具对纸张表面进行打磨，使纸张表面更加光滑、平整，提高纸张的质感和书写性能.

Polishing: After the paper is completely dry, smooth stones, shells and other tools are used to polish the surface of the paper to make the surface of the paper more smooth and flat and improve the texture and writing performance of the paper.

#03

当今社会，仍有一批坚守的手工艺人默默守护着这一古老技艺。他们通过家族传承、师徒相授等传统方式，将藏纸制作的精髓传递给下一代。一些地区建立了小型的藏纸工坊或工作室，成为传承技艺的重要据点，让年轻学徒有机会亲身体验和学习从原料采集到纸张成型的全过程。

In today's society, there are still a group of persevering craftsmen silently guarding this ancient skill. They pass on the essence of Tibetan paper-making to the next generation through traditional ways such as family inheritance and mentoring. In some areas, small Tibetan paper workshops or studios have been established, which have become important bases for passing on skills, allowing young apprentices to experience and learn the whole process, from raw material collection to paper forms.

同时，不少有识之士已经开始探索。一方面，在产品形式上进行创新，将藏纸与现代设计理念相结合，开发出如藏纸灯具、藏纸首饰盒等新颖的文创产品，拓展了藏纸的应用场景和消费群体。另一方面，在工艺上尝试改进，在不违背传统核心技艺的基础上，适度引入现代技术手段优化生产流程，提高生产效率和产品质量稳定性。

At the same time, many people of insight have begun to explore. On the one hand, it innovates in the form of products, combines Tibetan paper with modern design concepts, develops novel cultural and creative products such as Tibetan paper lamps Tibetan paper jewellery boxes, and expands the application scenarios and consumer groups of Tibetan paper. On the other hand, we try to improve the process, and based on not violating the traditional core skills, we moderately introduce modern technological means to optimise the production process and improve production efficiency and product quality stability.

随着社会对传统文化重视程度的不断提高以及文化旅游产业的蓬勃兴起，藏纸的传承创新也正迎来新的机遇与希望，有望在保护传统的基础上焕发出新的活力。

With the continuous improvement of social attention to traditional culture and the vigorous rise of the cultural tourism industry, the inheritance and innovation of Tibetan paper is also ushering in new opportunities and hopes and is expected to radiate new vitality based on protecting the tradition.

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