黎族制陶
Li ethnic pottery
黎族的制陶技术历史悠久，考古发现千年前黎族原始制陶技艺就已经出现于海南地区。东汉之后，黎族原始制陶技艺被记入史册。
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The pottery-making technology of the Li ethnic group has a long history, and archaeological discoveries have shown that the primitive pottery-making techniques of the Li ethnic group had already appeared in the Hainan region thousands of years ago. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the primitive pottery-making skills of the Li ethnic group were recorded in history.
#01
·· History ··
历史
中国陶器的产生距今大约有一万年历史，在海南，从考古发掘材料来看，海南的陶器至少也有长达六千多年的历史。文献中也不乏相关记载，在东汉以后的史书中已开始记载黎族的祖先（俚人）在海南的活动情况，而且当时制陶术就早已传至海南岛，宋朝的《诸蕃志》卷下曾记黎族“以土为釜，瓠为器”，土釜至今用之，瓠瓢间以。可见黎族原始制陶代代相传。
The emergence of Chinese pottery has a history of about ten thousand years. Hainan according to archaeological excavation materials, Hainan's pottery also has a history of at least six thousand years. There are also relevant records in the literature. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, historical books began to record the activities of the ancestors of the Li ethnic group (Li people) in Hainan, and pottery-making techniques had already been introduced to Hainan Island at that time. The Song Dynasty's "Records of Various Barbarians" recorded that the Li ethnic group "used soil as a pot and gourds as vessels". The earthen pot is still used today, and gourds and ladles are used interchangeably. It can be seen that the primitive pottery making of the Li ethnic group has been passed down from generation to generation.
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Li ethnic pottery
2006年5月20日，黎族原始制陶技艺经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，项目编号Ⅷ-4 。
On May 20, 2006, the original pottery-making techniques of the Li ethnic group were approved by the State Council and included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, with project number VIII-4.
Li ethnic pottery
在海南，从考古发掘材料来看，海南的陶器至少也有长达千年的历史。文献中也不乏相关记载，如宋朝的《诸蕃志》和清代的《琼州府志》等，都描述了黎族制陶的情况。
Hainan according to archaeological excavation materials, Hainan's pottery has a history of at least a thousand years. There are also relevant records in literature, such as the "Zhu Fan Zhi" of the Song Dynasty and the "Qiongzhou Fu Zhi" of the Qing Dynasty, which describe the situation of pottery making by the Li ethnic group.
Li ethnic pottery
Li ethnic pottery
Li ethnic pottery
#02
··Cultural characteristics··
文化特征
黎陶的器形外观比例匀称，厚度适宜，原始古朴，凝重敦厚，结构细密严实，器面光滑，没有砂粒，裂纹、洞眼。杂质及其他附著物，有红、黑、灰、褐、紫等颜色，土陶器皿上自然形成的各种梦幻般、大写意的花纹和图案，耐人寻味，具有很强的观赏性。
Water calligraphy refers to its structure, where some characters are imitations of Chinese characters but are essentially the reverse, reversed, or altered form of Chinese characters. Why is the writing of "Shuishu" different from Chinese characters, and its writing style is opposite to Chinese characters? These questions have left people puzzled. Secondly, in ancient times, the ancestors of the Shui ethnic group were persecuted by the ruling class of the Han dynasty, and it is said that their ancestor, "Luduo Gong", created "ghost books" to oppose and retaliate against the rulers. Shuishu and Chinese characters are non-phonetic scripts.
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Li ethnic pottery
黎族制陶的鲜明特征：
工具简单:制陶工具包括木杵、木臼、木拍、木刮、竹刀、蚌壳、钻孔竹棍、竹垫等简易工具。
制作过程原始:制陶过程由挖陶、挑陶土、晒陶土、粉碎陶土、筛陶土、和泥、制坯、干燥、准备烧陶、点火烧陶、取陶、加固等多个步骤组成，其中制坯技艺包括捏制、泥条盘筑、快轮制陶等，泥条盘筑法因其简便实用而得到广泛传承。
烧制方法独特:黎族制陶采用露天堆烧法，即在空旷的田野中央搭起木柴架，将陶坏倒扣在柴堆上，用稻草和木柴覆盖后点燃，使陶器在高温下烧制而成。烧成后.还会用植物汁液进行淬火冷却，增加陶器的硬度和美观度。
The distinctive features of Li ethnic pottery:
Simple tools: Pottery tools include simple tools such as wooden pestles, wooden mortar, wooden rackets, wooden scrapers, bamboo knives, clamshells, drilling bamboo sticks, bamboo mats, etc.
The production process is primitive: the pottery-making process consists of multiple steps such as digging pottery, picking pottery clay, sun drying pottery clay, crushing pottery clay, screening pottery clay, mixing clay, making clay, drying, preparing to burn pottery, igniting pottery, taking pottery, reinforcing, etc. Among them, the pottery-making skills include kneading, clay strip plating, fast wheel pottery making, etc. The clay strip plating method has been widely inherited due to its simplicity and practicality.
Unique firing method: The Li ethnic group uses the open-air pile firing method to make pottery, which involves setting up a firewood rack in the centre of an open field, folding the broken pottery upside down onto the pile, covering it with straw and firewood, and then igniting it to make the pottery fired at high temperatures. After firing, Plant sap will also be used for quenching and cooling to increase the hardness and aesthetics of the pottery.
#03
·· Inheritance value··
传承价值
黎族陶器以实用为主，但同时也展现了黎族人对美的追求和艺术审美。陶器的形状多样，包括酒瓮、壶、砂锅和盘子等，这些陶器不仅具有实用性，还通过独特的图案纹饰如拍印几何形花纹等，展示了黎族的文化特色和艺术风格。泥条盘筑法之类的原始制陶工艺至今在海南岛昌江黎族自治县石碌镇大坡地区仍有传承，这对史前制陶史的研究具有重要的启示作用。黎族保留着制陶的原始形态和特征，真实地再现着原始的制陶过程，不失为中国古代原始制陶的“活化石”。
Li pottery is mainly practical, but at the same time, it also demonstrates the Li people's pursuit of beauty and artistic aesthetics. The shapes of pottery are diverse, including wine jars, pots, clay pots, and plates. These pottery not only have practicality but also showcase the cultural characteristics and artistic style of the Li ethnic group through unique patterns and decorations such as geometric patterns. The primitive pottery-making techniques, such as the mud strip plate construction method, are still inherited in the Dapo area of Shilu Town, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan Island, which has important implications for the study of prehistoric pottery history. The Li ethnic group retains the original form and characteristics of pottery making, faithfully reproducing the primitive pottery-making process, and can be regarded as the "living fossil" of ancient Chinese pottery making.
Li ethnic pottery
Li ethnic pottery
Li ethnic pottery
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