琉璃烧制
Glass firing
琉璃烧制
是我国的非物质文化遗产之一，
具有悠久的历史和独特的工艺经历了长期的发展和演化。
琉璃之美，
玲珑剔透，净透绝尘。
以璃制成的器物，
有“玉碗盛来琥珀光”的美感，
予人一种纯粹的审美愉悦。
Glass firing
It is one of China's intangible cultural heritages,
It has a long history and unique craftsmanship that has undergone long-term development and evolution.
The beauty of glass,
Exquisite and translucent, pure and dust-free.
Objects made of glass,
There is a beauty of 'amber light in a jade bowl',
Give people pure aesthetic pleasure.
一件琉璃制品的完成一般要经过20多道工序，
花费10多天的时间才能完样烧制出来的琉璃作品，
具有制作工艺独特、
釉料独特、原料独特、造型特点，
堪称中华一绝，
极具欣赏和收藏价值。
The completion of a glass product usually requires more than 20 processes,
It took more than 10 days to complete the sample firing of the glass work,
Featuring unique manufacturing techniques
Unique glaze, unique raw materials, and distinctive design features,
It can be called a masterpiece of China,
Extremely valuable for appreciation and collection.
—
HISTORY
历史背景
▷▷01
据史书记载,
琉璃的历史可以追溯到战国时期。
当时,
手工业发达,人们开始尝试制作各种器物,
琉璃便是其中之一。
在汉代，
琉璃的制作技术达到了顶峰。
琉璃被广泛应用于建筑、器皿、
饰品等领域,成为当时社会繁荣的象征。
唐代尤其发达，宋代称“药玉”，
明代称“硝子玉”，
清代称“料器”，
民间犹称“料器”。
According to historical records,
The history of glass can be traced back to the Warring States period.
At that time,
With the development of handicrafts, people began to try to make various objects,
Liuli is one of them.
In the Han Dynasty,
The production technology of glass has reached its peak.
Glass is widely used in architecture and utensils.
Jewellery and other fields became symbols of social prosperity at that time.
The Tang Dynasty was particularly developed, and in the Song Dynasty it was called "medicinal jade",
In the Ming Dynasty, it was called "nitrate jade",
In the Qing Dynasty, it was called "material feeder",
It is commonly referred to as a 'feeder' in folk culture.
我国古代早期制作琉璃的材料，
是从青铜器铸造时产生的副产品中获得的，
经过提炼加工然后制成琉璃。
琉璃的颜色多种多样，
古人也叫它"五色石"。
古时由于民间很难得到，
所以当时人们把琉璃甚至看成
比玉器还要珍贵。
The materials used in the early production of glass in ancient China,
It is obtained from the by-products generated during the casting of bronze ware,
After refining and processing, it is made into glass.
There are various colours of glass,
The ancients also called it the "Five-Colored Stone".
In ancient times, it was difficult for the common people to obtain it,
So at that time, people even regarded glass as
More precious than jade.
EATURE
工艺特征
02◁◁
造型
琉璃渠窑烧制的琉璃瓦
是皇家建筑不可或缺的构件和饰物，
一直是由皇家“天工坊”监制，
不允许随心所欲地创新与变化。
皇家建筑各种构件的造型
从末代曾历经一些演变，
到明清时期基本定型。
modelling
Glass tiles fired in the Liuliuqu kiln
It is an indispensable component and ornament of royal architecture,
It has always been produced by the Royal "Heavenly Workshop",
Innovation and change are not allowed at will.
The shapes of various components in royal architecture
From the last generation, there have been some evolutions,
By the Ming and Qing dynasties, it had taken shape.
题材
琉璃构件的表现题材十分丰富，
应用于不同等级规格的建筑中，
包含了
人物、动物、植物、
瑞兽、儿何纹样等多种题材。
其中、
瑞兽是装饰内容的表现主体，
主要出现在帝王府部，
其他题材应用在相对轻松的环境或是作为附属装饰内容。
theme
The expressive themes of glass components are very diverse,
Applied to buildings of different levels and specifications,
It includes
People, animals, plants
Various themes such as auspicious beasts and intricate patterns.
Among them
The auspicious beast is the main manifestation of decorative content,
Mainly appearing in the imperial palace,
Other themes should be applied in relatively relaxed environments or as supplementary decorative content.
原料
釉科独特：
釉料以石英和氧化铅为主，
是一种含铅的烧制玻璃的基釉料具有明亮透底的特点，
为传统琉璃釉料的正宗配方原料。
坩子土是中国北方地区烧造瓷器和琉璃瓦的上等原料，
琉璃窑所用原料为特有的坩子土，
可以做到选料精细，
并且可以先采样试烧，
达到标准方可使用。
这种坩于土的特性是，
虽为黑色土质，
一次素烧后就变成了白色素坯。
所以琉璃渠官窑的琉璃胎质呈月白色而且坚硬，容易挂釉，不脱釉。
raw material
Unique Glaze Science:
The glaze is mainly composed of quartz and lead oxide,
It is a lead-containing base glaze for fired glass with bright and transparent characteristics,
Authentic formula ingredients for traditional glass glazes.
Crucible soil is an excellent raw material for firing porcelain and glazed tiles in northern China,
The raw material used in the glass kiln is a unique crucible soil,
Can achieve precise material selection,
Samples can be taken and burned first,
Only when it meets the standards can it be used.
The characteristics of this crucible in soil are,
Although it is black soil,
After a single firing, it turned into a white blank.
So the glass body of Liuliuqu's official kiln is moon white and hard, easy to hang glaze, and does not peel off the glaze.
PRODUCTION PROCESS
制作工序
▷▷ 03
琉璃烧制技艺工艺流程可分为以下几部分：
The process of glass firing technology can be divided into the following parts:
前期准备
preparation in advance
1、选料
烧造琉璃的工艺流程首先是选料，烧造琉璃产品的主要原料是来自琉璃渠村对槐子山的坩子土，开采出来的坩子土也要经过挑选。选料的标准是以含铁少的坩子土为好，这样烧出的胚胎发白色，堆子土含铁多烧出的胚胎发红，影响釉色的艳丽。
2、晒干
选好料后，将原料拉回窑场进行晒料，因为开采的原料含有水分，干料易粉碎和碾压。
3、配料
新坩子土需添加其他原料，如叶蜡石、熟瓦片等。主要用于提高产品在制作过程中的抗变形能力，配比一般为15%左右。
1. Material selection
The process of firing glass first involves material selection. The main raw material for firing glass products is the crucible soil from Liuliuqu Village to Huaizishan, and the extracted crucible soil also needs to be selected. The standard for selecting materials is to use crucible soil with less iron content, which will result in white embryos when fired, and red embryos when piled with soil with more iron content, affecting the bright colour of the glaze.
2. Sun-dried
After selecting the materials, bring them back to the kiln for drying, as the mined materials contain moisture and dry materials are prone to crushing and crushing.
3. Ingredients
New crucible soil requires the addition of other raw materials, such as pyrophyllite, ripe tiles, etc. Mainly used to improve the deformation resistance of products during the manufacturing process, the ratio is generally around 15%.
4、粉碎
就是将经过晾晒的堆子土进行粉碎，粉碎过的料一定要细得跟面粉一样才行。
5、阴泥
接下来就要进行淘洗，也叫咽泥。就是砌几个大池子，将配好的料放入池中放入水进行涸泡，水量以饱和为准，按照产品生产要求，时间以7~8天为宜。
6、搅泥
也叫炼泥，传统搅泥方式是人工搅拌，主要是脚踩或用泥叉子摔泥，要求最少要在三遍以上，踩泥或摔泥遍数越多越好用。
4. Crushing
It is to crush the soil that has been dried, and the crushed material must be as fine as flour.
5. Yin Ni
Next, we need to wash it, also known as throat paste. It is to build several large ponds, put the prepared materials into the ponds and soak them in water for drying. The water volume should be saturated, and according to the production requirements of the product, the time should be 7-8 days.
6. Stir mud
Also known as mud refining, the traditional method of mixing mud is manual mixing, mainly by stepping on or using a mud fork to throw the mud. It is required to be done at least three times, and the more times the mud is stepped on or thrown, the better the use.
琉璃制作
Glass production
1、稳作
亦称“吻作”，是“上三作”第一作，这道工序主要是完成琉璃制品的设计、构件造型和制出模具。
2、窑作
素烧，也叫烧坏。烧窑是“上三作”之一，叫“富作”。密作要求的技术性很强，这道工序主要是装坯窑、烧窑、、出窑。
3、釉作
釉作是“上三作”之一，这道工序主要是配釉、上釉、烧彩。
1. Stable work
Also known as "kiss making", it is the first work of the "three previous works". This process mainly involves designing glass products, shaping components, and making moulds.
2. Kiln making
Plain burning, also known as burnt out. Shaoyao is one of the "Three Works" and is called "Fuzuo". The technical requirements for dense production are very strong, and this process mainly involves loading the kiln, firing the kiln, and discharging the kiln.
3. Glazed work
Glazing is one of the "upper three crafts", which mainly involves glazing, glazing, and firing colours.
—
Inheritance and Protection
传承保护
04◁◁
琉璃工艺的浴火重生，
既有传统工艺的传承，
也有创新科技的引领，
呈现中幅令人陶醉的非遗之美。
这是一场传统文化的现代蜕变，
散发着绚烂奇迹芒。
The Rebirth of Glass Craftsmanship through Bathing Fire,
With the inheritance of traditional craftsmanship,
There are also innovative technologies leading the way,
Presenting the enchanting beauty of intangible cultural heritage in the central picture.
This is a modern transformation of traditional culture,
It emits a brilliant and miraculous radiance.
随着传统建筑形式的衰微，
琉璃的需求逐渐减少；
又因琉璃煤窑烧制存在环保问题，
加之产业萎缩、
人员流失和制作技艺荒废等原因，
琉璃烧制技艺这一传统工艺已濒临灭绝，
急需引起有关方面的注意。
With the decline of traditional architectural forms,
The demand for glass is gradually decreasing;
Due to environmental issues in the production of glass coal kilns,
In addition to the shrinking industry
Due to personnel turnover and abandoned production skills,
The traditional craft of glass firing is on the brink of extinction,
Urgent attention is needed from relevant parties.
琉璃烧制技艺是我国陶瓷艺术史上的杰出成就，
琉璃制品多样的形式，
斑的色彩，丰富的造型，
精湛的技艺有着极高的艺术价值，
琉璃烧制技艺集我国低温铅釉陶制作工艺之大成，
是传统制陶工艺的重要组成部分。
The technique of firing glass is an outstanding achievement in the history of ceramic art in China,
There are various forms of glass products,
The colours of the spots, rich shapes,
Exquisite skills have extremely high artistic value,
The technique of glass firing is the culmination of China's low-temperature lead-glazed pottery production technology,
It is an important component of traditional pottery-making techniques.
SIGNIFICANCE
意义
04◁◁
琉璃烧制技艺不仅在中国古代得到广泛应用，
也在世界范围内有一定的影响。
其作品以独特的工艺和精美的外观而闻名，
成为人们收藏和欣赏的对象。
The technique of firing glass was not only widely used in ancient China,
It also has a certain impact worldwide.
His works are renowned for their unique craftsmanship and exquisite appearance,
Becoming an object of collection and appreciation for people.
琉璃烧制技艺作为中国的非遗技艺，
代表了中国传统工艺与文化的精髓。
通过保护和传承，
让更多的人了解和欣赏琉璃烧制技艺，
是非常重要的。
As an intangible cultural heritage of China, the technique of glass firing,
Represents the essence of traditional Chinese craftsmanship and culture.
Through protection and inheritance,
Let more people understand and appreciate the technique of glass firing,
It is very important.
—
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