①他们消化和吸收营养的能力、进食后的感觉以及排便习惯。
②胃肠道疾病的管理或预防,以及它们如何影响消化和吸收。
③肠道微生物群的多样性,即消化道中栖息的数十万亿微生物和数百万微生物基因。
◎改变饥饿激素和饱腹激素的释放。其中一些激素也是由消化道产生的,无需肠道微生物的帮助。
◎影响食物通过消化道的速度,也称为运输时间。
◎作用于大脑区域,例如下丘脑,以减少食欲或食物奖励感觉。
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