外刊双语比阅:食物对日常思考能力的影响

教育   2024-09-30 07:57   中国台湾  
外刊双比阅
2024年9月30日

备考加油 一战成硕



The Effects of Food on Daily Thinking Ability

Can a healthy lunch increase my intelligence and memory today?

Posted September 29, 2024 |  Reviewed by Lybi Ma










考纲单词预背

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

2. impair [ɪmˈpeə] v. 损害,削弱

3. overall [ˈəʊvərɔːl] adj. 总的,全面的;所有的,包括一切的 adv. 全部,总共;总的说来,大体上 n. (工作时穿的)罩衣;(上下连身的)工作服,防护服(overalls);背带工装裤(overalls);骑马裤,紧身制服裤(overalls);overalls

4. beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 有益的,有利的;(与)权益(有关)的,有财产使用权的

5. incidence [ˈɪnsɪdəns] n. 发生率;入射;incidences

6. directly [dɪˈrektlɪ, daɪˈrektlɪ] adv. 直接地,径直地;坦率地;恰好,正好;立即,很快地 conj. 一……就……

7. boost [buːst] v. 使增长,推动;偷窃;宣扬,推广 n. 推动,促进;广告,宣扬 【名】 (boost)(英)布斯特,(德)博斯特(人名);boosts;boosts;boosting;boosted;boosted

8. numerous [ˈnjuːmərəs] adj. 众多的,许多的

9. vitamin [ˈvaɪtəmɪn, ˈvɪ-] n. [生化] 维生素;[生化] 维他命;vitamins

10. protein [ˈprəʊtɪːn] n. 蛋白质;朊 adj. 蛋白质的;proteins

11. carbohydrate [ˈkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt] n. [有化] 碳水化合物;[有化] 糖类;carbohydrates

12. click [klɪk] v. (用鼠标)点击;发出咔嗒声;一见如故,受欢迎;突然明白,恍然大悟;配合默契,进展顺利;得到关注,引起兴趣 n. 短而尖的声音,咔哒声;点击;(南非语等语言的)倒吸气音;clicks;clicks;clicking;clicked;clicked

13. associate [əˈsəʊʃɪeɪt] v. 联想,联系;支持,同意;交往,(尤指)混在一起 n. 同事,伙伴;副学士,准学士;副职,副手;准会员;联想 adj. 副的,准的,非正式的;联合的,有关连的;associates;associates;associating;associated;associated

14. visual [ˈvɪzjʊəl] adj. 视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的 n. 视觉资料(指说明性的图片、影片等);visuals

15. adhere [ədˈhɪə] v. 黏附,附着;遵守,遵循(规定或协议);拥护,持有(观点或信仰);adheres;adhering;adhered;adhered

16. trail [treɪl] n. 痕迹,踪迹;(人或动物的)足迹,嗅迹;(乡间的)小路,小径;(特定)路线,路径;一系列(坏事或有害事件);(尤指细长)一缕,一串;滑雪坡,滑雪道,越野滑雪路线;电影或广播的预告片;(炮架的)架尾 v. 拖,拉;没精打采地走,拖沓地走;(在竞赛或选举中)落后,输;跟踪,追踪;蔓生,蔓延,被搁置;垂下;慢慢移动,缓缓流动;(声音,喇叭)渐弱;事先宣传,预告(影片,节目等);喷注(泥釉) 【名】 (trail)(美)特雷尔(人名);trails;trails;trailing;trailed;trailed

17. verbal [ˈvɜːbəl] adj. 口头的,非书面的;用言辞的,文字的;动词的;多话的,爱说话的 n. (语法)动词性单词(或短语、从句);辱骂,侮辱;话,(尤指)气话;歌词,电影对话(verbals);(不利的)口头供认 v. (尤指不正当地)诱使(嫌疑犯)招供

18. profile [ˈprəʊfaɪl] n. (人头部的)侧面(像),侧影;(某物的)外形,轮廓;(人、团体或组织的)简介,概况;(人或组织的)形象,姿态;纵断面,剖面;(地球表面纵断面的)轮廓(如河流走向);(舞台的)平面布景;(以数量形式记录事物特点的)曲线图,数据图表;(记载个人心理或行为特点、喜好等的)档案 v. 概述,扼要介绍;给……画侧面像,显出……侧面轮廓;显出……的轮廓(be profiled);(尤指用模板)铣出轮廓,使……成形;profiles;profiles;profiling;profiled;profiled

19. factor [ˈfæktə] n. 因素,要素;等级,系数;因数,因子;遗传因子,基因;(血液中的)凝血因子;代理公司,代理商;地产管理人,管家;测量水平 v. 把……作为因素计入,把……包括在内(factor in);把……作为因素排除,不把……包括在内(factor out);将……分解为因子;代理经营,(代管)产业;做代理商 【名】 (factor)(英)法克特(人名);factors;factors;factoring;factored;factored

20. investigate [ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt] v. 侦察(某事);调查(某人);研究;investigates;investigating;investigated;investigated

21. dairy [ˈdeərɪ] adj. 奶制的,乳品的;乳品业的,生产乳品的 n. 乳品公司,乳品店;乳制品;牛奶场,乳品场;地方小店;乳牛;dairies

22. subjective [sʌbˈdʒektɪv] adj. 出自(或涉及)个人感情的,个人的;主观的(非现实世界的);(语法中)主语的;自觉的 n. (语法)主格(the subjective)

23. executive [ɪgˈzekjətɪv] adj. 行政的,有执行权的;高档的,豪华的;供主管人员使用的;(有关)经营管理的,领导的 n. 主管,经理;行政部门,执行委员会;executives

24. substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt] n. 替代品,代替物;(体育比赛中的)替补队员;令人满意的替代物,与之媲美的事物;副职 v. 用……代替;(比赛中)替换(运动员);代替(某人的工作);(化)取代(分子中的一个或一组原子,尤指氢原子) adj. 替代性的;substitutes;substitutes;substituting;substituted;substituted

25. demonstrate [ˈdemənstreɪt] v. 证明;示范,演示;表露;游行,示威;demonstrates;demonstrating;demonstrated;demonstrated

26. mechanism [ˈmekənɪzəm] n. 机械装置,机件;途径,方法;(生物体内的)机制,构造;机械论;(产生自然现象等的)物理过程;mechanisms

27. trigger [ˈtrɪgə] n. (枪械等的)扳机;(尤指引发不良反应或发展的)起因,诱因;(炸弹的)引爆器,触发器 v. 引发,激发;起动,触发;引爆(炸弹) 【名】 (trigger)特里杰(人名);triggers;triggers;triggering;triggered;triggered

28. resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] n. 反对,抵制;抵抗,反抗;抵抗力,免疫力;阻力;电阻;(敌占区的)秘密抵抗组织;resistances

29. domain [dəʊˈmeɪn] n. 领域,范围;领土,势力范围;(因特网上的)域;(函数的)定义域;地产 【名】 (domain)(英、法)多曼(人名);domains

30. dependent [dɪˈpendənt] adj. 依赖的,依靠的;取决于;有瘾的 n. 受供养者;dependents

31. underlie [ˌʌndəˈlaɪ] vt. 构成……的基础,为……的起因;位于……的下面;underlies;underlying;underlay;underlain

32. excessive [ɪkˈsesɪv] adj. 过度的,过多的

33. accelerate [ækˈseləreɪt] v. (使)加快,促进;(车辆或驾驶者)加速;accelerates;accelerating;accelerated;accelerated



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考研摸拟练习
The Effects of Food on Daily Thinking Ability
Can a healthy lunch increase my intelligence and memory today?
Posted September 29, 2024 |  Reviewed by Lybi Ma
Does diet affect cognitive function quickly or slowly? A poor diet over a lifetime, leading to obesity, will significantly impair overall cognitive function. A healthy diet has minimal effects on daily intelligence measures in healthy young and middle-aged adults. The beneficial or harmful consequences of daily dietary choices develop slowly over a period of many years.
The scientific literature suggests that having a healthy diet can reduce cognitive decline with aging and also reduce the incidence of dementia. However, what effect does having a healthy diet directly influence intelligence when you are a young or middle-aged adult? Is the quality of your mental function significantly influenced by what you ate for lunch today?
You should view the effects of your diet today in terms of both its short- and long-term effects on your brain Foods containing pharmacological stimulants, such as coffee, tea, or dark chocolate can boost mental processing speed and improve performance on numerous cognitive tasks. Unfortunately, the benefits are temporary. Other foods, such as vitamins and the balance of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates have more long-lasting effects on brain function that may take months or years to be fully expressed [click here for more on this topic]. For example, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, and fish, and is often considered the gold standard of good healthy diets, has been associated with reduced dementia incidence in later life. What about today? If your lunch contains lots of fruit and fish, will you be more intelligent this afternoon at work?
Some recent studies have attempted to answer this question.
Middle-aged adults in one large study consumed a typical Mediterranean diet for six months. The study did not find any evidence of an association between consuming the Mediterranean diet and any evidence of improved cognitive function, such as working memory, visual memory, or problem-solving. No changes were reported in the subjects’ brain function as determined by standard neuroimaging. In addition, a study of neural activation in task-related brain areas did not show any effects due to the diet.
In another study, 1250 healthy middle-aged adults adhered to the Mediterranean diet for 18 months. Cognition was measured using the Trail Making Test, the Verbal Fluency Test, and the Logical Memory Test. The study monitored the subjects’ metabolite profile (250 different measures) to confirm diet compliance (always a weakness when studying the effects of a long-term diet). After adjusting for known risk factors, the Mediterranean diet did not improve cognitive performance.
What about specific dietary nutrients?
One study investigated the effect of adding different types of dairy products. The study considered the cognitive effects of consuming one hundred grams per day of fermented, non-fermented, full-fat, low fat, or sugary dairy foods on 1300 healthy middle-aged adults for six years. The study measured subjective cognitive decline, memory, verbal fluency, and executive and motor functions. This diet was compared to consuming one hundred grams per day of meat, fish, eggs, fruits, and vegetables, but no dairy. Overall, the study reported no effect of adding dairy to the diet or substituting meat, vegetables, or fruit for dairy on cognitive function.
If what you eat each day has no direct, measurable immediate effect on brain function, what does it do?
Independent of one’s diet, having a higher BMI is consistently associated with poor performance on working memory tasks. Eating a poor diet every day may not immediately impair your thinking, however, will eating a poor diet for many years that leads to obesity will impair daily cognitive abilities?
Yes. The culprit is obesity, that is, body fat. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor for cognitive decline and impaired memory in adults. Increased adiposity has a demonstrated direct negative effect on brain health via mechanisms triggered by central inflammation and insulin resistance, with the most pronounced decrements observed for cognitive domains that are prefrontal- and hippocampal-dependent. Many laboratories around the world, including my own, have documented the mechanisms that underlie how excessive body fat impairs brain function.
Overall, a healthy diet has minimal effects on daily intelligence measures in healthy young and middle-aged adults. However, a poor diet over a lifetime, leading to obesity, will significantly impair overall cognitive function and accelerate brain aging. The beneficial or harmful consequences of daily dietary choices develop slowly over years and decades. Bottom line: if you are changing your diet to become healthier, be very patient.




外刊双语剪 考研阅读精选 ↓↓
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开始比阅

0参考↓■Effects, 影响; ■Daily, 每日; ■Thinking, 思考; ■Ability, 能力;

The Effects of Food on Daily Thinking Ability

▲参考单词↑↓翻译&考纲单词▼

食物对日常思考能力的影响

1参考↓■healthy, 健康的; ■lunch, 午餐; ■increase, 增加; ■intelligence, 智力; ■memory, 记忆; ■today, 今天;

Can a healthy lunch increase my intelligence and memory today?

今天健康的午餐能提高我的智力和记忆力吗?

2参考↓■Posted, 张贴; ■September, 九月; ■Reviewed, 检验过的;

Posted September 29, 2024 |  Reviewed by Lybi Ma

发布于 2024 年 9 月 29 日 |  Lybi Ma 审阅

3参考↓■affect, 影响; ■cognitive, 认知; ■function, 功能; ■quickly, 迅速地; ■slowly, 缓慢地; ■lifetime, 一生; ■leading, 主要的; ■obesity, 肥胖; ■significantly, 明显地; ■impair, 损害; ■overall, 总体的; ■cognitive, 认知; ■function, 功能; ■healthy, 健康的; ■minimal, 最小; ■effects, 影响; ■daily, 每日的; ■intelligence, 智力; ■measures, 措施; ■healthy, 健康的; ■young, 年轻的; ■middle-aged, 中年人; ■adults, 成人; ■beneficial, 有益的; ■harmful, 有害的; ■consequences, 后果; ■daily, 每日的; ■dietary, 饮食的; ■choices, 选择; ■develop, 发展; ■slowly, 缓慢地; ■period, 期间; ■years, 年;

Does diet affect cognitive function quickly or slowly? A poor diet over a lifetime, leading to obesity, will significantly impair overall cognitive function. A healthy diet has minimal effects on daily intelligence measures in healthy young and middle-aged adults. The beneficial or harmful consequences of daily dietary choices develop slowly over a period of many years.

饮食对认知功能的影响是快速还是缓慢?一生中饮食不良导致肥胖,将严重损害整体认知功能。健康饮食对健康的青年和中年人的日常智力指标影响甚微。日常饮食选择的益处或有害影响是经过多年的时间慢慢形成的。

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

2. impair [ɪmˈpeə] v. 损害,削弱

3. overall [ˈəʊvərɔːl] adj. 总的,全面的;所有的,包括一切的 adv. 全部,总共; 总的说来,大体上 n. (工作时穿的)罩衣;(上下连身的)工作服,防护服(overalls);背带工装裤(overalls);骑马裤,紧身制服裤(overalls);overalls

4. beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 有益的,有利的;(与)权益(有关)的,有财产使用权的

4参考↓■scientific, 科学的; ■literature, 文学; ■suggests, 建议; ■having, 有; ■healthy, 健康的; ■reduce, 减少; ■cognitive, 认知; ■decline, 下降; ■aging, 衰老; ■reduce, 减少; ■incidence, 发病率; ■dementia, 痴呆; ■However, 然而; ■effect, 影响; ■having, 有; ■healthy, 健康的; ■directly, 直接地; ■influence, 影响; ■intelligence, 智力; ■young, 年轻的; ■middle-aged, 中年人; ■adult, 成人; ■quality, 质量; ■mental, 精神的; ■function, 功能; ■significantly, 明显地; ■influenced, 影响; ■lunch, 午餐; ■today, 今天;

The scientific literature suggests that having a healthy diet can reduce cognitive decline with aging and also reduce the incidence of dementia. However, what effect does having a healthy diet directly influence intelligence when you are a young or middle-aged adult? Is the quality of your mental function significantly influenced by what you ate for lunch today?

科学文献表明,健康饮食可以减缓因衰老而出现的认知能力下降,还可以降低痴呆症的发病率。但是,健康饮食对年轻人或中年人的智力有什么直接影响?你的智力功能质量是否会受到今天午餐所吃食物的显著影响?

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

5. incidence [ˈɪnsɪdəns] n. 发生率;入射;incidences

6. directly [dɪˈrektlɪ, daɪˈrektlɪ] adv. 直接地,径直地;坦率地;恰好,正好;立即,很快地 conj. 一……就……

5参考↓■should, 应该; ■effects, 影响; ■today, 今天; ■terms, 条款; ■short-, 短-; ■long-term, 长期; ■effects, 影响; ■brain, 脑; ■Foods, 食品; ■containing, 包含; ■pharmacological, 药理学; ■stimulants, 兴奋剂; ■coffee, 咖啡; ■chocolate, 巧克力; ■boost, 促进; ■mental, 精神的; ■processing, 处理; ■speed, 速度; ■improve, 改善; ■performance, 演出; ■numerous, 很多的; ■cognitive, 认知; ■tasks, 任务; ■Unfortunately, 不幸的是; ■benefits, 福利; ■temporary, 暂时的; ■Other, 其他; ■foods, 食品; ■vitamins, 维生素; ■balance, 平衡; ■proteins, 蛋白质; ■carbohydrates, 碳水化合物; ■long-lasting, 持久耐用; ■effects, 影响; ■brain, 脑; ■function, 功能; ■months, 月; ■years, 年; ■fully, 完全地; ■expressed, 表达; ■click, 点击; ■topic, 话题; ■example, 例子; ■Mediterranean, 地中海; ■which, 哪一个; ■fruits, 水果; ■vegetables, 蔬菜; ■often, 经常; ■considered, 考虑过的; ■standard, 标准; ■healthy, 健康的; ■diets, 饮食; ■associated, 相关; ■reduced, 减少; ■dementia, 痴呆; ■incidence, 发病率; ■later, 后来; ■about, 关于; ■today, 今天; ■lunch, 午餐; ■contains, 包含; ■fruit, 水果; ■intelligent, 聪明的; ■afternoon, 下午;

You should view the effects of your diet today in terms of both its short- and long-term effects on your brain Foods containing pharmacological stimulants, such as coffee, tea, or dark chocolate can boost mental processing speed and improve performance on numerous cognitive tasks. Unfortunately, the benefits are temporary. Other foods, such as vitamins and the balance of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates have more long-lasting effects on brain function that may take months or years to be fully expressed [click here for more on this topic]. For example, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, and fish, and is often considered the gold standard of good healthy diets, has been associated with reduced dementia incidence in later life. What about today? If your lunch contains lots of fruit and fish, will you be more intelligent this afternoon at work?

你应该从短期和长期两个角度来看待你今天的饮食对大脑的影响。含有药理兴奋剂的食物,如咖啡、茶或黑巧克力,可以提高心理处理速度,提高许多认知任务的表现。不幸的是,这些好处是暂时的。其他食物,如维生素以及脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物的平衡,对大脑功能有更持久的影响,可能需要数月或数年才能完全发挥出来 [点击此处了解有关该主题的更多信息]。例如,富含水果、蔬菜和鱼类的地中海饮食通常被认为是健康饮食的黄金标准,它与晚年痴呆症发病率降低有关。今天呢?如果你的午餐有很多水果和鱼,你今天下午上班时会更聪明吗?

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

5. incidence [ˈɪnsɪdəns] n. 发生率;入射;incidences

7. boost [buːst] v. 使增长,推动;偷窃;宣扬,推广 n. 推动,促进;广告,宣扬 【名】 (boost)(英)布斯特,(德)博斯特(人名);boosts;boosts;boosting;boosted;boosted

8. numerous [ˈnjuːmərəs] adj. 众多的,许多的

9. vitamin [ˈvaɪtəmɪn, ˈvɪ-] n. [生化] 维生素;[生化] 维他命;vitamins

10. protein [ˈprəʊtɪːn] n. 蛋白质;朊 adj. 蛋白质的;proteins

11. carbohydrate [ˈkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt] n. [有化] 碳水化合物;[有化] 糖类;carbohydrates

12. click [klɪk] v. (用鼠标)点击;发出咔嗒声;一见如故,受欢迎;突然明白,恍然大悟;配合默契,进展顺利;得到关注,引起兴趣 n. 短而尖的声音,咔哒声;点击;(南非语等语言的)倒吸气音;clicks;clicks;clicking;clicked;clicked

13. associate [əˈsəʊʃɪeɪt] v. 联想,联系;支持,同意;交往,(尤指)混在一起 n. 同事,伙伴;副学士,准学士;副职,副手;准会员;联想 adj. 副的,准的,非正式的;联合的,有关连的;associates;associates;associating;associated;associated

6参考↓■recent, 最近的; ■studies, 研究; ■attempted, 尝试; ■answer, 回答; ■question, 问题;

Some recent studies have attempted to answer this question.

最近的一些研究试图回答这个问题。


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7参考↓■Middle-aged, 中年人; ■adults, 成人; ■large, 大的; ■study, 学习; ■consumed, 消耗; ■typical, 典型的; ■Mediterranean, 地中海; ■months, 月; ■study, 学习; ■evidence, 证据; ■association, 协会; ■between, 之间; ■consuming, 消费; ■Mediterranean, 地中海; ■evidence, 证据; ■improved, 改进; ■cognitive, 认知; ■function, 功能; ■working, 工作; ■memory, 记忆; ■visual, 视觉的; ■memory, 记忆; ■problem-solving, 解决问题; ■changes, 变化; ■reported, 报道; ■subjects’, 受试者'; ■brain, 脑; ■function, 功能; ■determined, 已确定; ■standard, 标准; ■neuroimaging, 神经影像学; ■addition, 附加; ■study, 学习; ■neural, 神经; ■activation, 激活; ■task-related, 任务相关; ■brain, 脑; ■areas, 地区; ■effects, 影响;

Middle-aged adults in one large study consumed a typical Mediterranean diet for six months. The study did not find any evidence of an association between consuming the Mediterranean diet and any evidence of improved cognitive function, such as working memory, visual memory, or problem-solving. No changes were reported in the subjects’ brain function as determined by standard neuroimaging. In addition, a study of neural activation in task-related brain areas did not show any effects due to the diet.

一项大型研究中,中年人食用了典型的地中海饮食六个月。研究没有发现任何证据表明食用地中海饮食与认知功能改善之间存在关联,例如工作记忆、视觉记忆或解决问题。标准神经成像显示受试者的大脑功能没有变化。此外,一项关于与任务相关的大脑区域的神经激活的研究没有显示饮食有任何影响。

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

14. visual [ˈvɪzjʊəl] adj. 视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的 n. 视觉资料(指说明性的图片、影片等);visuals

8参考↓■another, 另一个; ■study, 学习; ■healthy, 健康的; ■middle-aged, 中年人; ■adults, 成人; ■adhered, 坚持; ■Mediterranean, 地中海; ■months, 月; ■Cognition, 认知; ■measured, 仔细斟酌的; ■using, 使用; ■Trail, 步道; ■Making, 制作; ■Verbal, 言语的; ■Fluency, 流利; ■Logical, 合乎逻辑; ■Memory, 记忆; ■study, 学习; ■monitored, 监控; ■subjects’, 受试者'; ■metabolite, 代谢物; ■profile, 轮廓; ■different, 不同的; ■measures, 措施; ■confirm, 确认; ■compliance, 顺从; ■always, 总是; ■weakness, 弱点; ■studying, 研究; ■effects, 影响; ■long-term, 长期; ■After, 之后; ■adjusting, 调整; ■known, 已知; ■factors, 因素; ■Mediterranean, 地中海; ■improve, 改善; ■cognitive, 认知; ■performance, 演出;

In another study, 1250 healthy middle-aged adults adhered to the Mediterranean diet for 18 months. Cognition was measured using the Trail Making Test, the Verbal Fluency Test, and the Logical Memory Test. The study monitored the subjects’ metabolite profile (250 different measures) to confirm diet compliance (always a weakness when studying the effects of a long-term diet). After adjusting for known risk factors, the Mediterranean diet did not improve cognitive performance.

在另一项研究中,1250 名健康的中年人坚持地中海饮食 18 个月。使用连线测试、言语流畅性测试和逻辑记忆测试来测量认知能力。该研究监测了受试者的代谢物概况(250 种不同的测量方法),以确认饮食依从性(在研究长期饮食的影响时,这始终是一个弱点)。在调整已知风险因素后,地中海饮食并没有改善认知能力。

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

15. adhere [ədˈhɪə] v. 黏附,附着;遵守,遵循(规定或协议);拥护,持有(观点或信仰);adheres;adhering;adhered;adhered

16. trail [treɪl] n. 痕迹,踪迹;(人或动物的)足迹,嗅迹;(乡间的)小路,小径;(特定)路线,路径;一系列(坏事或有害事件);(尤指细长)一缕,一串;滑雪坡,滑雪道,越野滑雪路线;电影或广播的预告片;(炮架的)架尾 v. 拖,拉;没精打采地走,拖沓地走;(在竞赛或选举中)落后,输;跟踪,追踪;蔓生,蔓延,被搁置;垂下;慢慢移动,缓缓流动;(声音,喇叭)渐弱;事先宣传,预告(影片,节目等);喷注(泥釉) 【名】 (trail)(美)特雷尔(人名);trails;trails;trailing;trailed;trailed

17. verbal [ˈvɜːbəl] adj. 口头的,非书面的;用言辞的,文字的;动词的;多话的,爱说话的 n. (语法)动词性单词(或短语、从句);辱骂,侮辱;话,(尤指)气话;歌词,电影对话(verbals);(不利的)口头供认 v. (尤指不正当地)诱使(嫌疑犯)招供

18. profile [ˈprəʊfaɪl] n. (人头部的)侧面(像),侧影;(某物的)外形,轮廓;(人、团体或组织的)简介,概况;(人或组织的)形象,姿态;纵断面,剖面;(地球表面纵断面的)轮廓(如河流走向);(舞台的)平面布景;(以数量形式记录事物特点的)曲线图,数据图表;(记载个人心理或行为特点、喜好等的)档案 v. 概述,扼要介绍;给……画侧面像,显出……侧面轮廓;显出……的轮廓(be profiled);(尤指用模板)铣出轮廓,使……成形;profiles;profiles;profiling;profiled;profiled

19. factor [ˈfæktə] n. 因素,要素;等级,系数;因数,因子;遗传因子,基因;(血液中的)凝血因子;代理公司,代理商;地产管理人,管家;测量水平 v. 把……作为因素计入,把……包括在内(factor in);把……作为因素排除,不把……包括在内(factor out);将……分解为因子;代理经营,(代管)产业;做代理商 【名】 (factor)(英)法克特(人名);factors;factors;factoring;factored;factored

9参考↓■about, 关于; ■specific, 具体的; ■dietary, 饮食的; ■nutrients, 营养物;

What about specific dietary nutrients?

那么具体的膳食营养成分又如何呢?

10参考↓■study, 学习; ■investigated, 已调查; ■effect, 影响; ■adding, 添加; ■different, 不同的; ■types, 类型; ■dairy, 乳制品; ■products, 产品; ■study, 学习; ■considered, 考虑过的; ■cognitive, 认知; ■effects, 影响; ■consuming, 消费; ■hundred, 一百; ■grams, 克; ■fermented, 发酵; ■non-fermented, 未发酵; ■full-fat, 全脂; ■sugary, 含糖的; ■dairy, 乳制品; ■foods, 食品; ■healthy, 健康的; ■middle-aged, 中年人; ■adults, 成人; ■years, 年; ■study, 学习; ■measured, 仔细斟酌的; ■subjective, 主观; ■cognitive, 认知; ■decline, 下降; ■memory, 记忆; ■verbal, 言语的; ■fluency, 流利; ■executive, 总经理; ■motor, 发动机; ■functions, 功能; ■compared, 相比; ■consuming, 消费; ■hundred, 一百; ■grams, 克; ■fruits, 水果; ■vegetables, 蔬菜; ■dairy, 乳制品; ■Overall, 总体而言; ■study, 学习; ■reported, 报道; ■effect, 影响; ■adding, 添加; ■dairy, 乳制品; ■substituting, 替换; ■vegetables, 蔬菜; ■fruit, 水果; ■dairy, 乳制品; ■cognitive, 认知; ■function, 功能;

One study investigated the effect of adding different types of dairy products. The study considered the cognitive effects of consuming one hundred grams per day of fermented, non-fermented, full-fat, low fat, or sugary dairy foods on 1300 healthy middle-aged adults for six years. The study measured subjective cognitive decline, memory, verbal fluency, and executive and motor functions. This diet was compared to consuming one hundred grams per day of meat, fish, eggs, fruits, and vegetables, but no dairy. Overall, the study reported no effect of adding dairy to the diet or substituting meat, vegetables, or fruit for dairy on cognitive function.

一项研究调查了添加不同类型乳制品的影响。该研究考虑了 1300 名健康中年人六年内每天食用 100 克发酵、非发酵、全脂、低脂或含糖乳制品对认知的影响。该研究测量了主观认知衰退、记忆力、语言流畅性以及执行和运动功能。该饮食与每天食用 100 克肉、鱼、蛋、水果和蔬菜但不食用乳制品的饮食进行了比较。总体而言,该研究报告称,在饮食中添加乳制品或用肉、蔬菜或水果代替乳制品对认知功能没有影响。

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

3. overall [ˈəʊvərɔːl] adj. 总的,全面的;所有的,包括一切的 adv. 全部,总共; 总的说来,大体上 n. (工作时穿的)罩衣;(上下连身的)工作服,防护服(overalls);背带工装裤(overalls);骑马裤,紧身制服裤(overalls);overalls

17. verbal [ˈvɜːbəl] adj. 口头的,非书面的;用言辞的,文字的;动词的;多话的,爱说话的 n. (语法)动词性单词(或短语、从句);辱骂,侮辱;话,(尤指)气话;歌词,电影对话(verbals);(不利的)口头供认 v. (尤指不正当地)诱使(嫌疑犯)招供

20. investigate [ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt] v. 侦察(某事);调查(某人);研究;investigates;investigating;investigated;investigated

21. dairy [ˈdeərɪ] adj. 奶制的,乳品的;乳品业的,生产乳品的 n. 乳品公司,乳品店;乳制品;牛奶场,乳品场;地方小店;乳牛;dairies

22. subjective [sʌbˈdʒektɪv] adj. 出自(或涉及)个人感情的,个人的;主观的(非现实世界的);(语法中)主语的;自觉的 n. (语法)主格(the subjective)

23. executive [ɪgˈzekjətɪv] adj. 行政的,有执行权的;高档的,豪华的;供主管人员使用的;(有关)经营管理的,领导的 n. 主管,经理;行政部门,执行委员会;executives

11参考↓■direct, 直接的; ■measurable, 可测量的; ■immediate, 立即的; ■effect, 影响; ■brain, 脑; ■function, 功能;

If what you eat each day has no direct, measurable immediate effect on brain function, what does it do?

如果你每天吃的东西对大脑功能没有直接、可衡量的即时影响,那么它会起什么作用呢?

12参考↓■Independent, 独立; ■one’s, 一个; ■having, 有; ■higher, 较高的; ■consistently, 一贯地; ■associated, 相关; ■performance, 演出; ■working, 工作; ■memory, 记忆; ■tasks, 任务; ■Eating, 吃饭; ■every, 每一个; ■immediately, 立即; ■impair, 损害; ■thinking, 思考; ■however, 然而; ■eating, 吃饭; ■years, 年; ■leads, 引导; ■obesity, 肥胖; ■impair, 损害; ■daily, 每日的; ■cognitive, 认知; ■abilities, 能力;

Independent of one’s diet, having a higher BMI is consistently associated with poor performance on working memory tasks. Eating a poor diet every day may not immediately impair your thinking, however, will eating a poor diet for many years that leads to obesity will impair daily cognitive abilities?

无论饮食如何,BMI 较高与工作记忆任务表现不佳始终相关。每天饮食不良可能不会立即损害您的思维能力,但是,多年饮食不良导致肥胖会损害日常认知能力吗?

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

2. impair [ɪmˈpeə] v. 损害,削弱

13. associate [əˈsəʊʃɪeɪt] v. 联想,联系;支持,同意;交往,(尤指)混在一起 n. 同事,伙伴;副学士,准学士;副职,副手;准会员;联想 adj. 副的,准的,非正式的;联合的,有关连的;associates;associates;associating;associated;associated

30. dependent [dɪˈpendənt] adj. 依赖的,依靠的;取决于;有瘾的 n. 受供养者;dependents

13参考↓■culprit, 罪魁祸首; ■obesity, 肥胖; ■Recent, 最近; ■epidemiological, 流行病学; ■clinical, 临床; ■studies, 研究; ■indicate, 表明; ■obesity, 肥胖; ■factor, 因素; ■cognitive, 认知; ■decline, 下降; ■impaired, 受损; ■memory, 记忆; ■adults, 成人; ■Increased, 增加; ■adiposity, 肥胖症; ■demonstrated, 论证; ■direct, 直接的; ■negative, 消极的; ■effect, 影响; ■brain, 脑; ■health, 健康; ■mechanisms, 机制; ■triggered, 已触发; ■central, 中心的; ■inflammation, 炎症; ■insulin, 胰岛素; ■resistance, 抵抗; ■pronounced, 明显的; ■decrements, 递减; ■observed, 观察; ■cognitive, 认知; ■domains, 域名; ■prefrontal-, 前额叶-; ■hippocampal-dependent, 海马依赖性; ■laboratories, 实验室; ■around, 围绕; ■world, 世界; ■including, 包括; ■documented, 记录在案; ■mechanisms, 机制; ■underlie, 基础; ■excessive, 过度的; ■impairs, 损害; ■brain, 脑; ■function, 功能;

Yes. The culprit is obesity, that is, body fat. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor for cognitive decline and impaired memory in adults. Increased adiposity has a demonstrated direct negative effect on brain health via mechanisms triggered by central inflammation and insulin resistance, with the most pronounced decrements observed for cognitive domains that are prefrontal- and hippocampal-dependent. Many laboratories around the world, including my own, have documented the mechanisms that underlie how excessive body fat impairs brain function.

是的。罪魁祸首是肥胖,也就是体内脂肪。最近的流行病学和临床研究表明,肥胖是导致成人认知能力下降和记忆力受损的风险因素。肥胖增加已证实通过由中枢炎症和胰岛素抵抗引发的机制对大脑健康产生直接的负面影响,其中最明显的衰退发生在依赖前额叶和海马的认知领域。包括我自己的实验室在内的全球许多实验室都记录了体内脂肪过多损害大脑功能的潜在机制。

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

2. impair [ɪmˈpeə] v. 损害,削弱

19. factor [ˈfæktə] n. 因素,要素;等级,系数;因数,因子;遗传因子,基因;(血液中的)凝血因子;代理公司,代理商;地产管理人,管家;测量水平 v. 把……作为因素计入,把……包括在内(factor in);把……作为因素排除,不把……包括在内(factor out);将……分解为因子;代理经营,(代管)产业;做代理商 【名】 (factor)(英)法克特(人名);factors;factors;factoring;factored;factored

25. demonstrate [ˈdemənstreɪt] v. 证明;示范,演示;表露;游行,示威;demonstrates;demonstrating;demonstrated;demonstrated

26. mechanism [ˈmekənɪzəm] n. 机械装置,机件;途径,方法;(生物体内的)机制,构造;机械论;(产生自然现象等的)物理过程;mechanisms

27. trigger [ˈtrɪgə] n. (枪械等的)扳机;(尤指引发不良反应或发展的)起因,诱因;(炸弹的)引爆器,触发器 v. 引发,激发;起动,触发;引爆(炸弹) 【名】 (trigger)特里杰(人名);triggers;triggers;triggering;triggered;triggered

28. resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] n. 反对,抵制;抵抗,反抗;抵抗力,免疫力;阻力;电阻;(敌占区的)秘密抵抗组织;resistances

29. domain [dəʊˈmeɪn] n. 领域,范围;领土,势力范围;(因特网上的)域;(函数的)定义域;地产 【名】 (domain)(英、法)多曼(人名);domains

30. dependent [dɪˈpendənt] adj. 依赖的,依靠的;取决于;有瘾的 n. 受供养者;dependents

31. underlie [ˌʌndəˈlaɪ] vt. 构成……的基础,为……的起因;位于……的下面;underlies;underlying;underlay;underlain

32. excessive [ɪkˈsesɪv] adj. 过度的,过多的

14参考↓■Overall, 总体而言; ■healthy, 健康的; ■minimal, 最小; ■effects, 影响; ■daily, 每日的; ■intelligence, 智力; ■measures, 措施; ■healthy, 健康的; ■young, 年轻的; ■middle-aged, 中年人; ■adults, 成人; ■However, 然而; ■lifetime, 一生; ■leading, 主要的; ■obesity, 肥胖; ■significantly, 明显地; ■impair, 损害; ■overall, 总体的; ■cognitive, 认知; ■function, 功能; ■accelerate, 加快; ■brain, 脑; ■aging, 衰老; ■beneficial, 有益的; ■harmful, 有害的; ■consequences, 后果; ■daily, 每日的; ■dietary, 饮食的; ■choices, 选择; ■develop, 发展; ■slowly, 缓慢地; ■years, 年; ■decades, 几十年; ■Bottom, 底部; ■changing, 改变; ■become, 成为; ■healthier, 更加健康; ■patient, 病人;

Overall, a healthy diet has minimal effects on daily intelligence measures in healthy young and middle-aged adults. However, a poor diet over a lifetime, leading to obesity, will significantly impair overall cognitive function and accelerate brain aging. The beneficial or harmful consequences of daily dietary choices develop slowly over years and decades. Bottom line: if you are changing your diet to become healthier, be very patient.

总体而言,健康饮食对健康的青年和中年人的日常智力指标影响甚微。然而,一生中不良的饮食习惯会导致肥胖,从而严重损害整体认知功能并加速大脑衰老。日常饮食选择的益处或危害会在数年甚至数十年内慢慢显现。总之:如果您改变饮食习惯以变得更健康,请耐心等待。

1. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的

2. impair [ɪmˈpeə] v. 损害,削弱

3. overall [ˈəʊvərɔːl] adj. 总的,全面的;所有的,包括一切的 adv. 全部,总共; 总的说来,大体上 n. (工作时穿的)罩衣;(上下连身的)工作服,防护服(overalls);背带工装裤(overalls);骑马裤,紧身制服裤(overalls);overalls

4. beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 有益的,有利的;(与)权益(有关)的,有财产使用权的

33. accelerate [ækˈseləreɪt] v. (使)加快,促进;(车辆或驾驶者)加速;accelerates;accelerating;accelerated;accelerated










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