0参考↓■Female, 女性; ■Birds, 鸟;
Why Do Female Birds Sing?
1参考↓■Female, 女性; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■functionally, 功能上; ■distinct, 不同的;
Female birdsong is functionally distinct from male song.
雌鸟的歌声在功能上与雄鸟的歌声不同。
1. distinct [dɪsˈtɪŋkt] adj. 不同的,有区别的;清楚的,明显的;确切的
2参考↓■Posted, 张贴; ■September, 九月; ■Reviewed, 检验过的; ■Drevitch, 德雷维奇;
Posted September 3, 2024 | Reviewed by Gary Drevitch
发布于2024 年 9 月 3 日 | Gary Drevitch 审阅
3参考↓■Although, 虽然; ■females, 女性; ■two-thirds, 三分之二; ■songbird, 鸣禽; ■species, 物种; ■function, 功能; ■female, 女性的; ■understood, 理解;
Although females sing in two-thirds of songbird species, the function of female song is not well understood.
尽管三分之二的鸣禽物种都会由雌性鸣叫,但雌性鸣叫的功能尚不明确。雌性歌曲最受研究和支持的功能是领土防御。
2. species [ˈspɪːʃɪz] n. (动植物的)种,物种;种类;(具有相同特征的)一类人;(化学,物理)核素;(圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 adj. 原种的;species
4参考↓■studied, 研究; ■supported, 支持; ■function, 功能; ■female, 女性的; ■territorial, 领土; ■likely, 可能的; ■functions, 功能; ■intrapair, 空中; ■communication, 通信; ■female-female, 雌性; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■female, 女性的; ■appear, 出现; ■function, 功能; ■widely, 广泛地; ■attraction, 吸引力;
The most studied and supported function of female song is territorial defense.
Female song also likely functions in intrapair communication and female-female competition.
Unlike male birdsong, female song does not appear to function widely in mate attraction.
雌性的歌曲也可能在配偶间的交流和雌性之间的竞争中发挥作用。与雄鸟的歌声不同,雌鸟的歌声似乎在吸引配偶方面并没有发挥很大的作用。
3. mate [meɪt] n. 朋友,伙伴;同伴,同事;配偶,伴侣;配对物,一对中的一个;(男人之间常用)哥儿们,伙计;助手,下手;(船上的)大副;(美国海军的)军士;(国际象棋比赛中的)将死 v. (使)交配;连接,配备;(国际象棋中把对方)将死 【名】 (mat)(日)蛏(姓),(西、意、塞)马特,(波黑)马特,(罗、俄)马泰(人名);mates;mates;mating;mated;mated
5参考↓■Traditionally, 传统上; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■viewed, 已查看; ■trait, 特质; ■dominated, 主导; ■research, 研究; ■behavior, 行为;
Traditionally, birdsong has been viewed as a male trait, and this bias has dominated research on the behavior.
传统上,鸟鸣声被视为男性的特征,这种偏见主导了对鸟鸣声的研究。
4. trait [treɪt] n. (人的个性的)特征,特点;遗传特征;一点,少许 【名】 (trait)(美、法)特雷(人名);traits
5. bias [ˈbaɪəs] n. 偏见,成见;偏好,天赋;倾向,趋势;斜纹;(统计)偏差,偏倚;偏重心球形;偏压,偏统 v. 使有偏见,使偏心;加偏压(或偏流)于 adj. 偏斜的 adv. 偏斜地 【名】 (bias)(英)拜厄斯,(法、德、葡、喀)比亚斯(人名);biases;biases;biasses;biasing;biassing;biased;biassed;biased;biassed
6. dominate [ˈdɒmɪneɪt] v. 统治,支配;在……中占首要地位;俯视,高耸于;占绝对优势;dominates;dominating;dominated;dominated
7. behavior [bɪˈheɪvjə] n. 行为,举止;态度;反应
6参考↓■scientists, 科学家; ■thought, 思想; ■female, 女性的; ■birds, 鸟; ■didn’t, 没有; ■Cristina, 克里斯蒂娜; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■student, 学生; ■University, 大学; ■Northern, 北方; ■Colorado, 科罗拉多州; ■observe, 观察; ■female, 女性的; ■singing, 唱歌; ■would, 将; ■label, 标签; ■behavior, 行为; ■aberrant, 异常; ■caused, 引起; ■hormone, 激素; ■imbalance, 不平衡; ■other, 其他; ■anomaly, 异常;
“For a long time, scientists thought that female birds didn’t sing,” says Cristina Barros, a Ph.D. student at the University of Northern Colorado. “If they did observe a female bird singing, they would label the behavior aberrant, caused by a hormone imbalance or some other anomaly.”
“长期以来,科学家认为雌鸟不会唱歌,”北科罗拉多大学博士生克里斯蒂娜·巴罗斯 (Cristina Barros)说道。“如果他们确实观察到雌鸟唱歌,他们会将这种行为标记为异常,由激素失衡或其他异常引起。”
7. behavior [bɪˈheɪvjə] n. 行为,举止;态度;反应
8. label [ˈleɪbl] n. 标签,标牌;称号,绰号;商标,品牌;唱片公司;(计算机)标记;示踪剂;带垂饰的横带 v. 贴标签;把……不公正地称为;用示踪剂使(物质等)示踪 【名】 (label)(美、法、巴)拉贝尔(人名);labels;labels;labelling;labeling;labelled;labeled;labelled;labeled
7参考↓■Research, 研究; ■decades, 几十年; ■paints, 油漆; ■different, 不同的; ■picture, 相片; ■songbirds, 鸣禽; ■Recent, 最近; ■suggests, 建议; ■female, 女性的; ■ancestors, 祖先; ■modern, 现代的; ■songbirds, 鸣禽; ■female, 女性的; ■birds, 鸟; ■still, 仍然; ■today, 今天; ■estimated, 估计; ■female, 女性的; ■occurs, 发生; ■about, 关于; ■two-thirds, 三分之二; ■songbird, 鸣禽; ■species, 物种;
Research from the last few decades paints a different picture of songbirds. Recent work suggests that female song was the norm for the ancestors of modern songbirds. And many female birds still sing today: It is estimated that female song occurs in about two-thirds of all songbird species.
过去几十年的研究描绘了鸣禽的另一种面貌。最近的研究表明,雌鸟鸣叫是现代鸣禽祖先的常态。许多雌鸟至今仍在鸣叫:据估计,大约三分之二的鸣禽物种会鸣叫。
2. species [ˈspɪːʃɪz] n. (动植物的)种,物种;种类;(具有相同特征的)一类人;(化学,物理)核素;(圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 adj. 原种的;species
3. mate [meɪt] n. 朋友,伙伴;同伴,同事;配偶,伴侣;配对物,一对中的一个;(男人之间常用)哥儿们,伙计;助手,下手;(船上的)大副;(美国海军的)军士;(国际象棋比赛中的)将死 v. (使)交配;连接,配备;(国际象棋中把对方)将死 【名】 (mat)(日)蛏(姓),(西、意、塞)马特,(波黑)马特,(罗、俄)马泰(人名);mates;mates;mating;mated;mated
9. norm [nɔːm] n. 社会准则,行为规范;标准,平均水平;常态,平常事物;模方;诺姆(指整日呆在家中看电视的懒人,尤指看体育节目);norms;norms;norming;normed;normed
8参考↓■Despite, 尽管; ■increased, 增加; ■documentation, 文档; ■female, 女性的; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■recent, 最近的; ■years, 年; ■questions, 问题; ■remain, 保持; ■about, 关于; ■function, 功能; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■songbirds, 鸣禽; ■often, 经常; ■attract, 吸引; ■mates, 伙计们; ■defend, 保卫; ■territories, 领土; ■females, 女性;
Despite the increased documentation of female birdsong in recent years, questions remain about its function, says Barros. Male songbirds use song most often to attract mates and defend territories. Why do females sing?
巴罗斯说,尽管近年来雌鸟鸣叫的记录越来越多,但其功能仍然存在疑问。雄鸟鸣叫最常用于吸引配偶和保卫领地。雌鸟为什么要唱歌?
3. mate [meɪt] n. 朋友,伙伴;同伴,同事;配偶,伴侣;配对物,一对中的一个;(男人之间常用)哥儿们,伙计;助手,下手;(船上的)大副;(美国海军的)军士;(国际象棋比赛中的)将死 v. (使)交配;连接,配备;(国际象棋中把对方)将死 【名】 (mat)(日)蛏(姓),(西、意、塞)马特,(波黑)马特,(罗、俄)马泰(人名);mates;mates;mating;mated;mated
11. despite [dɪsˈpaɪt] prep. 尽管,即使;不由自主地,忍不住地 n. 亵渎;轻蔑,鄙视 v. 蔑视;激怒;despites;despiting;despited;despited
9参考↓■Female, 女性; ■Functions, 功能;
Female Song Functions
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10参考↓■advisor, 顾问; ■Lauryn, Lauryn; ■Benedict, 本尼迪克特; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■conducted, 进行; ■review, 回顾; ■female, 女性的; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■literature, 文学; ■through, 通过; ■looking, 看; ■studies, 研究; ■addressed, 演说; ■functions, 功能;
With her advisor, Lauryn Benedict, Barros conducted a review of the female birdsong literature from 1900 through 2022, looking for studies that addressed song functions.
巴罗斯与她的导师劳伦·本尼迪克特 (Lauryn Benedict) 一起对1900 年至 2022 年间的雌性鸟类鸣叫文献进行了审查,寻找涉及鸣叫功能的研究。
11参考↓■total, 全部的; ■reviewed, 检验过的; ■articles, 见习契约; ■species, 物种; ■where, 哪里; ■female, 女性的; ■function, 功能; ■studied, 研究; ■contrast, 对比; ■birds, 鸟; ■females, 女性; ■appear, 出现; ■attraction, 吸引力; ■Rather, 相反; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■Benedict, 本尼迪克特; ■found, 建立; ■highest, 最高; ■support, 支持; ■territorial, 领土; ■defense, 防守; ■studies, 研究; ■analyzed, 分析; ■followed, 跟着; ■intrapair, 空中; ■communication, 通信; ■studies, 研究; ■female-female, 雌性; ■competition, 竞争; ■studies, 研究; ■Parent-offspring, 父母子女; ■communication, 通信; ■another, 另一个; ■potential, 潜在的; ■function, 功能; ■often, 经常; ■supported, 支持; ■tested, 已测试; ■studies, 研究;
In total, they reviewed 147 articles on 88 bird species where female song function was studied. In contrast to male birds, females do not appear to use song for mate attraction very much. Rather, Barros and Benedict found the highest support for territorial defense (67% of the studies analyzed), followed by intrapair communication (45% of studies) and female-female competition (43% of studies). Parent-offspring communication was another potential song function, but it was not often supported or tested for in the studies.
他们总共回顾了 147 篇关于 88 种鸟类的文章,其中研究了雌鸟的鸣叫功能。与雄鸟相比,雌鸟似乎很少使用鸣叫来吸引配偶。相反,Barros 和 Benedict 发现,对领土防御的支持率最高(占所分析研究的 67%),其次是配偶间交流(占研究的 45%)和雌性之间的竞争(占研究的 43%)。亲子间交流是另一种潜在的鸣叫功能,但在研究中很少得到支持或测试。
2. species [ˈspɪːʃɪz] n. (动植物的)种,物种;种类;(具有相同特征的)一类人;(化学,物理)核素;(圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 adj. 原种的;species
3. mate [meɪt] n. 朋友,伙伴;同伴,同事;配偶,伴侣;配对物,一对中的一个;(男人之间常用)哥儿们,伙计;助手,下手;(船上的)大副;(美国海军的)军士;(国际象棋比赛中的)将死 v. (使)交配;连接,配备;(国际象棋中把对方)将死 【名】 (mat)(日)蛏(姓),(西、意、塞)马特,(波黑)马特,(罗、俄)马泰(人名);mates;mates;mating;mated;mated
13. offspring [ˈɔfsprɪŋ; (?ɜ) ˈɔːf-] n. (人的)后代,子女;(动物的)幼崽,崽兽;结果,产物;offspring;offsprings
12参考↓■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■level, 水平; ■support, 支持; ■territorial, 领土; ■defense, 防守; ■influenced, 影响; ■testing, 测试; ■function, 功能; ■Researchers, 研究人员; ■simply, 简单地; ■broadcast, 广播; ■simulated, 模拟; ■intruder, 入侵者; ■bird’s, 鸟的; ■territory, 领土; ■responds, 回应;
Barros says that the high level of support for territorial defense may be influenced by the ease of testing for that function: Researchers can simply broadcast a simulated intruder in a bird’s territory and see if it responds.
巴罗斯说,领土防御得到高度支持可能是受到该功能测试的简易性的影响:研究人员只需在鸟类的领土内广播模拟入侵者,看看它是否会做出反应。
12. territory [ˈterɪtərɪ] n. 领土,版图,领地;(美国、加拿大等的)准州;(某些国家划分的)地区;(某一动物或人想控制的)领地,地盘;(某人负责的)区域,地区;(具有某种特性的)地区,地方;(知识等的)领域,范围;(体育运动中的)防守区;territories
14. simulate [ˈsɪmjəleɪt] v. 假装,冒充;模拟,模仿;看上去像;计算机模拟 adj. 虚假的,假装的;simulates;simulating;simulated;simulated
13参考↓■being, 存在; ■think, 认为; ■sense, 感觉; ■we're, 我们是; ■finding, 发现; ■species, 物种; ■where, 哪里; ■female, 女性的; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■function, 功能; ■territorial, 领土; ■defense, 防守; ■rather, 相当地; ■attraction, 吸引力; ■Females, 女性; ■often, 经常; ■invest, 投资; ■making, 制作; ■laying, 铺设; ■incubating, 孵化; ■terms, 条款; ■territory, 领土; ■protecting, 保护; ■their, 他们的;
“That being said, I do think it make sense that we're finding more species where female birdsong function is tied to territorial defense rather than mate attraction,” she says. “Females often invest so much in making and laying the eggs, as well as incubating them, so they have a lot to lose, in terms of territory and protecting their nest.”
“话虽如此,但我确实认为,我们发现越来越多的鸟类的鸣叫功能与领土防御而非配偶吸引有关,这是有道理的,”她说。“雌鸟通常会投入大量精力来产卵和孵卵,因此在领土和保护巢穴方面,它们会损失惨重。”
2. species [ˈspɪːʃɪz] n. (动植物的)种,物种;种类;(具有相同特征的)一类人;(化学,物理)核素;(圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 adj. 原种的;species
3. mate [meɪt] n. 朋友,伙伴;同伴,同事;配偶,伴侣;配对物,一对中的一个;(男人之间常用)哥儿们,伙计;助手,下手;(船上的)大副;(美国海军的)军士;(国际象棋比赛中的)将死 v. (使)交配;连接,配备;(国际象棋中把对方)将死 【名】 (mat)(日)蛏(姓),(西、意、塞)马特,(波黑)马特,(罗、俄)马泰(人名);mates;mates;mating;mated;mated
12. territory [ˈterɪtərɪ] n. 领土,版图,领地;(美国、加拿大等的)准州;(某些国家划分的)地区;(某一动物或人想控制的)领地,地盘;(某人负责的)区域,地区;(具有某种特性的)地区,地方;(知识等的)领域,范围;(体育运动中的)防守区;territories
15. finding [ˈfaɪndɪŋ] n. 结果,发现;判决,裁决;(制作服装、鞋子或首饰用的)一应小物件(或小工具) v. 找到,感到(fin. 的现在分词形式);findings
16. invest [ɪnˈvest] v. 投资;投入(时间或精力);赋予,授予;给……穿衣;包围,围攻;invests;investing;invested;invested
14参考↓■second-highest-supported, 第二高支持; ■function, 功能; ■female, 女性的; ■intrapair, 空中; ■communication, 通信; ■essential, 本质的; ■pair-bonded, 成对粘合; ■species, 物种; ■cooperate, 合作; ■collectively, 共同地; ■defend, 保卫; ■territory, 领土; ■coordinate, 坐标; ■caretaking, 看护; ■offspring, 后代;
The second-highest-supported function for female song, intrapair communication, is essential for pair-bonded species that cooperate to collectively defend a territory and/or coordinate caretaking of offspring.
雌性歌曲中支持率第二高的功能是配偶内交流,这对于合作共同保卫领土和/或协调照顾后代的配偶物种至关重要。
2. species [ˈspɪːʃɪz] n. (动植物的)种,物种;种类;(具有相同特征的)一类人;(化学,物理)核素;(圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 adj. 原种的;species
12. territory [ˈterɪtərɪ] n. 领土,版图,领地;(美国、加拿大等的)准州;(某些国家划分的)地区;(某一动物或人想控制的)领地,地盘;(某人负责的)区域,地区;(具有某种特性的)地区,地方;(知识等的)领域,范围;(体育运动中的)防守区;territories
13. offspring [ˈɔfsprɪŋ; (?ɜ) ˈɔːf-] n. (人的)后代,子女;(动物的)幼崽,崽兽;结果,产物;offspring;offsprings
17. essential [ɪˈsenʃəl] adj. 必不可少的,非常重要的;基本的,精髓的;(氨基酸、脂肪酸)必需的;(疾病)自发的,原发的 n. 必不可少的东西,必需品;要素,本质;(某学科的)基础,基本知识;essentials
18. bond [bɒnd] n. 纽带,联系;公债,债券;结合,黏合;承诺,契约;枷锁,桎梏 v. (使)建立亲密关系;与……黏合(或连接) 【名】 (bond)(英、德、西、瑞典)邦德(人名);bonds;bonds;bonding;bonded;bonded
19. cooperate [kəʊˈɒpəreɪt] v. 合作,协作;配合,协助;cooperates;cooperating;cooperated;cooperated
20. coordinate [kəʊˈɔːdɪnɪt] v. 协调,配合;使身体协调;(使颜色、款式、风格等)搭配,配套;给 (原子或分子)配位,与……形成共价键 n. 坐标;配套服装;同等级(或类别)的人(或事物) adj. 地位相当的,同等重要的;(语法)并列的;(化学)配位的;coordinates;coordinates;coordinating;coordinated;coordinated
15参考↓■Female, 女性; ■often, 经常; ■function, 功能; ■competition, 竞争; ■aggression, 侵略; ■between, 之间; ■females, 女性; ■often, 经常; ■socially, 社会; ■monogamous, 一夫一妻制; ■species, 物种; ■contributes, 贡献; ■helping, 帮助; ■chicks, 小鸡; ■defend, 保卫; ■territory, 领土; ■females, 女性; ■highly, 高度地; ■motivated, 激励; ■other, 其他; ■lady’s, 女士的; ■speak, 说话; ■Barros, 巴罗斯;
Female song may also often function in competition or aggression between females, most often in socially monogamous species. “If the male contributes a lot to helping feed the chicks or defend the territory, then females are highly motivated to make sure he’s not busy in some other lady’s bed, so to speak,” says Barros.
雌鸟的歌声也经常在雌鸟之间的竞争或攻击中发挥作用,这种情况在社会上一夫一妻制的物种中最为常见。“如果雄鸟在喂养幼鸟或保卫领地方面做出很大贡献,那么雌鸟就会非常积极地确保雄鸟不会忙着抢占其他雌鸟的床,可以这么说,”巴罗斯说。
2. species [ˈspɪːʃɪz] n. (动植物的)种,物种;种类;(具有相同特征的)一类人;(化学,物理)核素;(圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 adj. 原种的;species
12. territory [ˈterɪtərɪ] n. 领土,版图,领地;(美国、加拿大等的)准州;(某些国家划分的)地区;(某一动物或人想控制的)领地,地盘;(某人负责的)区域,地区;(具有某种特性的)地区,地方;(知识等的)领域,范围;(体育运动中的)防守区;territories
21. highly [ˈhaɪlɪ] adv. 极其,非常;高度地,高水平地;钦佩地,赞赏地;在高处,地位高
22. motivate [ˈməʊtɪveɪt] v. 成为……的动机,是……的原因;激励,激发;申请;motivates;motivating;motivated;motivated
16参考↓■addition, 附加; ■identifying, 识别; ■functions, 功能; ■female, 女性的; ■experimental, 实验的; ■support, 支持; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■Benedict, 本尼迪克特; ■noted, 注意; ■remaining, 剩下的; ■knowledge, 知识;
In addition to identifying the functions of female song with the most experimental support, Barros and Benedict noted remaining gaps in knowledge.
除了通过最多的实验支持来确定雌性歌曲的功能之外,巴罗斯和本尼迪克特还指出了知识上仍然存在的空白。
23. identify [aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] v. 认出,识别;查明,确认;发现;证明(身份),表明;认同,理解;认为……和……一致;和(某人)打成一片;identifies;identifying;identified;identified
24. experimental [eksˌperɪˈmentl] adj. 实验性的,试验性的;根据经验的,经验上的
17参考↓■example, 例子; ■support, 支持; ■female, 女性的; ■functioning, 运转; ■parent-offspring, 父母子女; ■communication, 通信; ■least, 最少的; ■tested, 已测试; ■potential, 潜在的; ■function, 功能; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■female, 女性的; ■birds, 鸟; ■spend, 花费; ■singing, 唱歌; ■vicinity, 邻近地区; ■fully, 完全地; ■understood, 理解; ■their, 他们的; ■directed, 导演; ■their, 他们的; ■offspring, 后代; ■chicks, 小鸡; ■eavesdrop, 窃听; ■their, 他们的; ■mothers’, 母亲们;
For example, they did not find a lot of support for female song functioning in parent-offspring communication, but it was also the least tested potential function. Barros says that female birds spend a lot of time singing in the nest or in the vicinity of the nest. It is not fully understood if their song is directed at their offspring or if chicks eavesdrop on their mothers’ song.
例如,他们没有发现很多证据支持雌鸟的歌声在亲子交流中发挥作用,但它也是经过最少测试的潜在功能。巴罗斯说,雌鸟花很多时间在巢中或巢附近唱歌。目前还不完全清楚它们的歌声是针对它们的后代,还是雏鸟偷听了它们母亲的歌声。
13. offspring [ˈɔfsprɪŋ; (?ɜ) ˈɔːf-] n. (人的)后代,子女;(动物的)幼崽,崽兽;结果,产物;offspring;offsprings
25. vicinity [vɪˈsɪnɪtɪ] n. 周围地区,邻近地区,附近;vicinities
18参考↓■Additionally, 另外; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■Benedict, 本尼迪克特; ■surprised, 惊讶; ■studies, 研究; ■attempted, 尝试; ■female, 女性的; ■reproductive, 生殖的; ■success, 成功; ■other, 其他; ■proxies, 代理服务器; ■fitness, 健身; ■suggest, 建议; ■future, 未来; ■studies, 研究; ■should, 应该; ■include, 包括; ■tests, 测验; ■fitness, 健身; ■correlates, 相关性; ■female, 女性的; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■function, 功能;
Additionally, Barros and Benedict were surprised to find that less than 10% of studies attempted to link female song to reproductive success or other proxies of fitness. They suggest that future studies should include tests of fitness correlates of female birdsong function.
此外,Barros 和 Benedict 惊讶地发现,只有不到 10% 的研究试图将雌鸟的鸣叫与繁殖成功或其他健康指标联系起来。他们建议,未来的研究应该包括对雌鸟鸣叫功能的健康相关性测试。
26. correlate [ˈkɒrɪleɪt] v. 相互关联;显示紧密联系 n. 相关的事物;correlates;correlates;correlating;correlated;correlated
19参考↓■While, 虽然; ■increasing, 增加的; ■scientific, 科学的; ■interest, 兴趣; ■female, 女性的; ■birdsong, 鸟鸣; ■encouraging, 鼓舞人心的; ■apparent, 显然的; ■there, 那里; ■learn, 学习; ■about, 关于; ■which, 哪一个; ■female, 女性的; ■songbirds, 鸣禽;
While the increasing scientific interest in female birdsong is encouraging, it is apparent that there is a lot more to learn about which female songbirds sing and why.
尽管科学界对雌鸟鸣叫的兴趣日益浓厚,令人鼓舞,但显然,关于哪些雌鸟会唱歌以及为什么唱歌,还有许多需要了解。
27. apparent [əˈpærənt] adj. 显而易见的,易懂的;貌似的,表面上的
20参考↓■think, 认为; ■about, 关于; ■songbird, 鸣禽; ■species, 物种; ■including, 包括; ■females, 女性; ■really, 真正地; ■important, 重要的; ■Barros, 巴罗斯; ■investigate, 调查; ■species, 物种; ■you’re, 你是; ■literally, 字面意思; ■getting, 得到; ■story, 故事;
“We may think we know a lot about songbird species, but including females is really important,” says Barros. “If you only investigate one sex in a species, you’re literally getting only half the story.”
“我们可能认为自己对鸣禽物种了解很多,但将雌性纳入研究范围确实很重要,”巴罗斯说。“如果你只研究一个物种中的一种性别,那么你实际上只了解了一半的故事。”
2. species [ˈspɪːʃɪz] n. (动植物的)种,物种;种类;(具有相同特征的)一类人;(化学,物理)核素;(圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 adj. 原种的;species
16. invest [ɪnˈvest] v. 投资;投入(时间或精力);赋予,授予;给……穿衣;包围,围攻;invests;investing;invested;invested
29. literally [ˈlɪtərəlɪ] adv. 按照字面意义地,逐字地;真正地,确实地;(用于夸张地强调)简直