0参考↓■Pollution, 污染; ■Leads, 引导; ■Brain, 大脑; ■Changes, 变化;
Air Pollution Leads to Brain Changes in Kids
1参考↓■Research, 研究; ■finds, 发现; ■exposure, 暴露; ■causes, 原因; ■neurological, 神经学; ■damage, 损害;
Research finds exposure causes neurological damage.
研究发现,接触会导致神经损伤。
1. exposure [ɪksˈpəʊʒə] n. 暴露,接触;曝光,揭发;报道,宣传;单张胶片;曝光时间,曝光量;受冻;朝向;exposures
2参考↓■Posted, 张贴; ■October, 十月; ■Reviewed, 检验过的; ■Estroff, 埃斯特洛夫; ■Marano, 马兰洛;
Posted October 7, 2024 | Reviewed by Hara Estroff Marano
发布于2024年10月7日|由Hara Estroff Marano评论
3参考↓■Millions, 数以百万计的; ■children, 儿童; ■across, 穿过; ■globe, 地球; ■exposed, 暴露的; ■pollutionA, 污染A; ■review, 回顾; ■study, 学习; ■between, 之间; ■exposure, 暴露; ■outdoor, 户外的; ■pollution, 污染; ■differences, 差异; ■children's, 儿童; ■brainsBecause, 大脑因为; ■their, 他们的; ■growing, 增长的; ■brains, 大脑; ■outdoors, 在户外; ■children, 儿童; ■especially, 尤其地; ■susceptible, 易感; ■pollution's, 污染; ■effectsThe, 效果; ■review, 回顾; ■suggests, 建议; ■eliminating, 消除; ■sources, 来源; ■pollution, 污染; ■providing, 提供; ■filters, 过滤器; ■polluted, 受污染的; ■areas, 地区;
Millions of children across the globe are exposed to air pollution.A new review study find a link between exposure to outdoor air pollution and differences in children's brains.Because of their growing brains and time outdoors, children are especially susceptible to pollution's effects.The review suggests eliminating sources of air pollution and providing air filters in polluted areas.
全球数百万儿童暴露在空气污染中。一项新的综述研究发现,暴露于室外空气污染与儿童大脑差异之间存在联系。由于孩子们大脑的发育和户外活动的时间,他们特别容易受到污染的影响。审查建议消除空气污染源,并在污染地区提供空气过滤器。
1. exposure [ɪksˈpəʊʒə] n. 暴露,接触;曝光,揭发;报道,宣传;单张胶片;曝光时间,曝光量;受冻;朝向;exposures
2. susceptible [səˈseptəbl] adj. 易得病的,易受影响的;(人)易受感动的,易动感情的;可能有······的,容许······的;(尤指想法或陈述)能被理解(或证明、解释)的;susceptibles
4. source [sɔːs] n. 来源,出处;(问题的)原因,根源;消息人士,信息来源;河流源头,发源地;源(代)码;(电子)源极,电源;(技)源 v. (从某地)获得;找出……的来源 【名】 (source)(法)苏尔斯(人名);sources;sources;sourcing;sourced;sourced
5. filter [ˈfɪltə] n. 过滤器;滤光器,滤声器,滤波器;过滤程序,过滤软件;(指示车辆转弯的)分流指示灯 v. 过滤;渗入,透过;(消息、信息等)慢慢传开,走漏;缓慢进入,陆续步入;(车辆)看到分流指示灯的信号后转弯;(用程序)筛选 【名】 (filter)(德)菲尔特(人名);filters;filters;filtering;filtered;filtered
4参考↓■million, 百万; ■people, 人; ■places, 地点; ■unhealthy, 不健康; ■quality, 质量; ■according, 根据; ■American, 美国人; ■Association's, 协会的; ■State, 国家; ■report, 报告; ■increase, 增加; ■million, 百万; ■people, 人; ■previous, 以前的; ■report, 报告; ■finds, 发现; ■number, 数; ■unhealthy, 不健康; ■hazardous, 危险; ■quality, 质量; ■United, 联合的; ■States, 国家; ■highest, 最高; ■years, 年;
More than 131 million people live in places with unhealthy air quality, according to the American Lung Association's 2024 State of Air report. This is an increase of 11.7 million people from the previous year. The report also finds that the number of days with "very unhealthy" or "hazardous" air quality in the United States was the highest in 25 years.
根据美国肺脏协会2024年的空气状况报告,超过1.31亿人生活在空气质量不健康的地方。这比上一年增加了1170万人。报告还发现,美国空气质量“非常不健康”或“危险”的天数是25年来最高的。
6. accord [əˈkɔːd] n. 协议,条约;符合,一致 v. 使受到,给予(某种待遇);(与……)一致,符合;accords;accords;according;accorded;accorded
7. numb [nʌm] adj. 麻木的,失去感觉的;迟钝的,呆滞的 v. 使麻木,使失去知觉;使迟钝,使呆滞;使(某种感觉)减轻,使减弱;number;numbs;numbing;numbed;numbed
5参考↓■There, 那里; ■myriad, 无数; ■health, 健康; ■problems, 问题; ■associated, 相关; ■pollution, 污染; ■including, 包括; ■conditions, 条件; ■heart, 心; ■disease, 病; ■cancer, 癌症; ■damage, 损害; ■neurological, 神经学; ■reproductive, 生殖的; ■systems, 系统; ■diabetes, 糖尿病; ■systematic, 系统的; ■review, 回顾; ■taking, 拿; ■careful, 仔细的; ■impact, 影响; ■pollution, 污染; ■children’s, 儿童; ■brains, 大脑;
There are myriad health problems associated with air pollution, including lung conditions, heart disease, cancer, damage to neurological and reproductive systems, and diabetes. Now, a new systematic review is taking a careful look at the impact of air pollution on children’s brains.
与空气污染相关的健康问题数不胜数,包括肺部疾病、心脏病、癌症、神经系统和生殖系统损伤以及糖尿病。现在,一项新的系统综述正在仔细研究空气污染对儿童大脑的影响。
8. associate [əˈsəʊʃɪeɪt] v. 联想,联系;支持,同意;交往,(尤指)混在一起 n. 同事,伙伴;副学士,准学士;副职,副手;准会员;联想 adj. 副的,准的,非正式的;联合的,有关连的;associates;associates;associating;associated;associated
9. systematic [ˌsɪstɪˈmætɪk] adj. 有系统的,有条理的,仔细周到的;一贯的,惯常的;分类的
10. impact [ˈɪmpækt] n. 撞击,冲击力;巨大影响,强大作用 v. 冲击,撞击;挤入,压紧;(对……)产生影响
6参考↓■review, 回顾; ■published, 出版; ■month, 月; ■journal, 杂志; ■Developmental, 发展; ■Cognitive, 认知; ■Neuroscience, 神经科学; ■combined, 组合; ■results, 结果; ■different, 不同的; ■studies, 研究; ■examine, 检查; ■connections, 连接; ■between, 之间; ■pollution, 污染; ■exposure, 暴露; ■brain, 脑; ■outcomes, 结果; ■infants, 婴儿; ■children, 儿童; ■years, 年;
The review, published this month in the journal Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, combined the results of 40 different studies to examine the connections between air pollution exposure and brain outcomes in infants and children up to 18 years old.
本月发表在《发育认知神经科学》杂志上的这篇综述结合了40项不同研究的结果,以研究空气污染暴露与婴儿和18岁以下儿童大脑结果之间的联系。
1. exposure [ɪksˈpəʊʒə] n. 暴露,接触;曝光,揭发;报道,宣传;单张胶片;曝光时间,曝光量;受冻;朝向;exposures
11. cognitive [ˈkɒgnɪtɪv] adj. 认识的,认知的
12. outcome [ˈaʊtkʌm] n. 结果,效果;outcomes
13. infant [ˈɪnfənt] n. 婴儿,幼儿;(英国学校里四至七岁的)学童;未成年人 adj. 供婴幼儿用的;初期的,初创期的;四岁至七岁幼儿的 【名】 (infant)(英)因方特(人名);infants
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7参考↓■studies, 研究; ■conducted, 进行; ■Mexico, 墨西哥; ■Europe, 欧洲; ■Australia, 澳大利亚; ■included, 包括; ■measures, 措施; ■participants', 参与者'; ■brains, 大脑; ■using, 使用; ■variety, 品种; ■methods, 方法; ■including, 包括; ■imaging, 成像; ■technology, 技术; ■studies, 研究; ■examined, 检查; ■brains, 大脑; ■deceased, 已故的; ■participants, 参与者; ■autopsies, 尸体解剖; ■study, 学习; ■included, 包括; ■measures, 措施; ■pollution, 污染; ■linked, 链接; ■participant’s, 参与者的; ■address, 地址; ■neighborhood, 邻里;
The studies were conducted in the U.S., Mexico, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They each included measures of participants' brains using a variety of methods including imaging technology such as MRI or DTI; four of the studies examined the brains of deceased participants in autopsies. Each study also included measures of air pollution linked to the participant’s address or neighborhood.
这些研究在美国、墨西哥、欧洲、亚洲和澳大利亚进行。它们都包括使用各种方法对参与者大脑的测量,包括MRI或DTI等成像技术;其中四项研究检查了尸检中已故参与者的大脑。每项研究还包括与参与者地址或社区相关的空气污染指标。
15. participant [pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt] n. 参加者,参与者 adj. 参与的;participants
16. neighborhood [ˈneɪbəhud] n. 附近;街坊;接近;街区;neighborhoods
8参考↓■whole, 整体; ■review, 回顾; ■found, 建立; ■between, 之间; ■exposure, 暴露; ■outdoor, 户外的; ■pollution, 污染; ■differences, 差异; ■children's, 儿童; ■brains, 大脑; ■including, 包括; ■lower, 降低; ■volumes, 体积; ■white, 白色; ■matter, 问题; ■poorer, 更穷; ■functional, 功能性的; ■connections, 连接; ■brain, 脑; ■networks, 网络; ■tumors, 肿瘤; ■early, 早期的; ■markers, 标记; ■Alzheimer's, 阿尔茨海默氏症; ■disease, 病;
On the whole, the review found a link between exposure to outdoor air pollution and differences in children's brains, including lower volumes of white matter, poorer functional connections in brain networks, tumors, and early markers for Alzheimer's disease.
总体而言,该综述发现,暴露于室外空气污染与儿童大脑差异之间存在联系,包括白质体积较小、大脑网络功能连接较差、肿瘤和阿尔茨海默病的早期标志物。
1. exposure [ɪksˈpəʊʒə] n. 暴露,接触;曝光,揭发;报道,宣传;单张胶片;曝光时间,曝光量;受冻;朝向;exposures
17. lower [ˈləʊə] adj. (尤指在同类中处于)较下的,下方的;在底部的,近底部的;次重要的,较低级的;(数字或数量)较小的;向南的;早期的 v. 减少,降低;把……放低,使……降下;降低,贬低(身份);变昏暗,变阴沉;露愠色 adv. 处于较低位置地,向低处下降地 【名】 (lower)(美、英)洛厄(人名);lowers;lowering;lowered;lowered
18. volume [ˈvɔljuːm; (?ɜ) -jəm] n. 体积,容积;总数,总量;音量,响度;(控制音量的)旋钮,控制杆;(成套图书中的)卷,册;(期刊)合订本;书籍;(写在羊皮纸或纸草纸上的)书卷;(尤指头发的)厚,多 adj. 大量的 v. 以卷的形式发出;成团卷起;volumes;volumes;voluming;volumed;volumed
9参考↓■We're, 我们是; ■seeing, 看到; ■differences, 差异; ■brain, 脑; ■outcomes, 结果; ■between, 之间; ■children, 儿童; ■higher, 较高的; ■levels, 水平; ■pollution, 污染; ■exposure, 暴露; ■versus, vs; ■lower, 降低; ■levels, 水平; ■pollution, 污染; ■exposure, 暴露; ■Camelia, 卡米利亚; ■Hostinar, Hostinar; ■press, 按; ■release, 释放; ■Hostinar, Hostinar; ■psychologist, 心理学家; ■University, 大学; ■California, 加利福尼亚; ■DavisJV1, 戴维斯JV1; ■study’s, 研究; ■senior, 高级的; ■author, 作者;
“We're seeing differences in brain outcomes between children with higher levels of pollution exposure versus lower levels of pollution exposure,” said Camelia Hostinar in a press release. Hostinar is a psychologist at the University of California, Davis[JV1] and the study’s senior author.
Camelia Hostinar在一份新闻稿中说:“我们看到,污染暴露水平较高的儿童与污染暴露水平较低的儿童的大脑结果存在差异。”。Hostinar是加州大学戴维斯分校的心理学家,也是该研究的资深作者。
1. exposure [ɪksˈpəʊʒə] n. 暴露,接触;曝光,揭发;报道,宣传;单张胶片;曝光时间,曝光量;受冻;朝向;exposures
12. outcome [ˈaʊtkʌm] n. 结果,效果;outcomes
17. lower [ˈləʊə] adj. (尤指在同类中处于)较下的,下方的;在底部的,近底部的;次重要的,较低级的;(数字或数量)较小的;向南的;早期的 v. 减少,降低;把……放低,使……降下;降低,贬低(身份);变昏暗,变阴沉;露愠色 adv. 处于较低位置地,向低处下降地 【名】 (lower)(美、英)洛厄(人名);lowers;lowering;lowered;lowered
19. versus [ˈvɜːsəs] prep. (比赛或诉讼中)以……为对手,与……竞争;与……相对,与……相比
20. release [rɪˈlɪːs] v. 释放,放走;使出院;把(动物)放生;解救;放开;拉开,松开(装置);发射,投(弹);公布,发布;发行,上映;表达,发泄;释放,排放(物质); 解除(职务或工作),解雇;放弃,让予;使不紧张;开放,解禁 n. (人或动物的)释放,放出;排放,泄漏;(设备的)松开,拉开;释放装置(如按、拉的装置);表达,宣泄;解脱,轻松感;放松的机会;新发行的东西;公开,发布;公映;(责任等的)免除,解除;免责书; 放弃,让予;放弃文书; 传球;releases;releases;releasing;released;released
10参考↓■Children, 儿童; ■teens, 青少年; ■especially, 尤其地; ■vulnerable, 脆弱的; ■pollution, 污染; ■because, 因为; ■their, 他们的; ■brains, 大脑; ■bodies, 身体; ■still, 仍然; ■developing, 发展; ■spend, 花费; ■outdoors, 在户外; ■their, 他们的; ■bodies, 身体; ■absorb, 吸收; ■contaminants, 污染物; ■relative, 相对的; ■their, 他们的; ■weight, 重量; ■adults', 成人’;
Children and teens are especially vulnerable to air pollution because their brains and bodies are still developing. They tend to spend more time outdoors, and their bodies absorb more contaminants relative to their body weight than adults'.
儿童和青少年特别容易受到空气污染的影响,因为他们的大脑和身体仍在发育。他们往往花更多的时间在户外,他们的身体比成年人吸收更多的污染物。
21. vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəb(ə)l] adj. (身体或精神)脆弱的,易受伤的;(事物、人或地方)易受攻击的,易受伤害的;易患病的;(桥牌)有局方的,有身价的
11参考↓■addition, 附加; ■making, 制作; ■connection, 连接; ■between, 之间; ■pollution, 污染; ■children’s, 儿童; ■brains, 大脑; ■review, 回顾; ■article, 文章; ■suggests, 建议; ■steps, 步骤; ■combat, 战斗; ■problem, 问题; ■action, 行动; ■reduce, 减少; ■pollution, 污染; ■doing, 做; ■coal-fired, 燃煤; ■power, 权力; ■vehicles, 车辆; ■greenhouse, 温室; ■gases, 气体; ■review, 回顾;
In addition to making a connection between pollution and children’s brains, the review article suggests steps to combat the problem. The best action is to reduce air pollution by doing away with coal-fired power and vehicles that emit greenhouse gases, the review said.
除了将污染与儿童大脑联系起来外,这篇综述文章还提出了解决这一问题的措施。审查称,最好的行动是通过废除燃煤发电和排放温室气体的车辆来减少空气污染。
22. combat [ˈkɒmbət] n. 战斗,搏斗;争论,反对 v. 与……作斗争;防止,减轻 adj. 战斗的;为……斗争的 【名】 (comb)(法)孔巴(人名);combats;combats;combating;combatting;combated;combatted;combated;combatted
23. emit [ɪˈmɪt] v. 排放,散发(尤指气体、辐射物);发出(声音或噪音);发行,发表;emits;emitting;emitted;emitted
24. greenhouse [ˈgrɪːnhaʊs] n. 温室,暖房 adj. 温室效应的;greenhouses
12参考↓■short, 短的; ■authors, 作者; ■suggest, 建议; ■installing, 安装; ■air-monitoring, 空气监测; ■sensors, 传感器; ■known, 已知; ■sources, 来源; ■pollutants, 污染物; ■providing, 提供; ■government, 政府; ■subsidies, 补贴; ■filters, 过滤器; ■especially, 尤其地; ■schools, 学校; ■homes, 家园; ■workplaces, 工作场所; ■areas, 地区; ■poorer, 更穷; ■quality, 质量; ■researchers, 研究人员; ■suggest, 建议; ■future, 未来; ■studies, 研究; ■related, 相关; ■brain, 脑; ■health, 健康; ■include, 包括; ■measures, 措施; ■pollution, 污染; ■which, 哪一个; ■simple, 简单的; ■reporting, 报告; ■participants’, 参与者'; ■addresses, 地址;
In the short term, the authors suggest installing air-monitoring sensors near known sources of pollutants and providing government subsidies to pay for air filters, especially in schools, homes, and workplaces in areas with poorer air quality. The researchers also suggest that future studies related to brain health include measures of air pollution, which can be as simple as reporting participants’ addresses.
在短期内,作者建议在已知的污染物来源附近安装空气监测传感器,并提供政府补贴来支付空气过滤器的费用,特别是在空气质量较差的地区的学校、家庭和工作场所。研究人员还建议,未来与大脑健康相关的研究包括空气污染的测量,这可以像报告参与者的地址一样简单。
4. source [sɔːs] n. 来源,出处;(问题的)原因,根源;消息人士,信息来源;河流源头,发源地;源(代)码;(电子)源极,电源;(技)源 v. (从某地)获得;找出……的来源 【名】 (source)(法)苏尔斯(人名);sources;sources;sourcing;sourced;sourced
5. filter [ˈfɪltə] n. 过滤器;滤光器,滤声器,滤波器;过滤程序,过滤软件;(指示车辆转弯的)分流指示灯 v. 过滤;渗入,透过;(消息、信息等)慢慢传开,走漏;缓慢进入,陆续步入;(车辆)看到分流指示灯的信号后转弯;(用程序)筛选 【名】 (filter)(德)菲尔特(人名);filters;filters;filtering;filtered;filtered
15. participant [pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt] n. 参加者,参与者 adj. 参与的;participants
25. install [ɪnˈstɔːl] v. 安装,设置;(计算机)安装(新软件);正式任命,使正式就职;安顿,安置;installs;installing;installed;installed
13参考↓■take-home, 带回家; ■message, 消息; ■pollution, 污染; ■harms, 危害; ■brains, 大脑; ■young, 年轻的; ■people, 人; ■Identifying, 识别; ■sources, 来源; ■pollution, 污染; ■using, 使用; ■filters, 过滤器; ■reduce, 减少; ■indoor, 室内的; ■pollution, 污染; ■levels, 水平; ■address, 地址; ■problem, 问题; ■short, 短的;
The take-home message: Air pollution harms the brains of young people. Identifying sources of air pollution and using air filters to help reduce indoor pollution levels are two ways to address the problem in the short term.
带回家的信息是:空气污染损害了年轻人的大脑。识别空气污染源和使用空气过滤器来帮助降低室内污染水平是短期内解决这一问题的两种方法。
4. source [sɔːs] n. 来源,出处;(问题的)原因,根源;消息人士,信息来源;河流源头,发源地;源(代)码;(电子)源极,电源;(技)源 v. (从某地)获得;找出……的来源 【名】 (source)(法)苏尔斯(人名);sources;sources;sourcing;sourced;sourced
5. filter [ˈfɪltə] n. 过滤器;滤光器,滤声器,滤波器;过滤程序,过滤软件;(指示车辆转弯的)分流指示灯 v. 过滤;渗入,透过;(消息、信息等)慢慢传开,走漏;缓慢进入,陆续步入;(车辆)看到分流指示灯的信号后转弯;(用程序)筛选 【名】 (filter)(德)菲尔特(人名);filters;filters;filtering;filtered;filtered
27. identify [aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] v. 认出,识别;查明,确认;发现;证明(身份),表明;认同,理解;认为……和……一致;和(某人)打成一片;identifies;identifying;identified;identified
28. indoor [ˈɪndɔː] adj. 室内的,户内的