外刊双语比阅:谁对气候危害负有法律责任? | 自然杂志

教育   2024-08-26 07:57   山东  
外刊双比阅
2024年8月26日

备考加油 一战成硕



Who is legally responsible for climate harms? The world’s top court will now decide

The International Court of Justice will clarify states’ legal responsibility for impacts of climate change. Although non-binding, its opinion will matter for thousands of climate lawsuits.










考纲单词预背

1. responsible [rɪsˈpɒnsəbl] adj. (对某人、某事)负责的;(对事故、错误、罪行等)负有责任的,应承担责任的;(工作或职位)重要的,责任重大的;可靠的,负责任的;作为缘由的,应受归咎的;向......负责的,向......汇报的

2. bind [baɪnd] v. 捆绑,系;包扎;使紧密联系;迫使,使负有义务(或责任);(使)凝结,(使)粘合;装订;给……镶边,给……滚边;(量词)适用于(给定的变量);(规则,语法条件)决定(共指名词词组)之间的关系;(食物,药品)使便秘 n. 窘境,困境;令人不快的事情;法律约束;连结线;蔓,藤 【名】 (bind)(德)宾德(人名);binds;binds;binding;bound;bound

3. concentration [ˌkɒnsenˈtreɪʃən] n. 专心,专注;关注,重视;集中,聚集;含量,浓度;concentrations

4. greenhouse [ˈgrɪːnhaʊs] n. 温室,暖房 adj. 温室效应的;greenhouses

5. pledge [pledʒ] n. 誓言,保证,承诺;捐款承诺;戒酒誓言(the pledge);信物;抵押品;(美国大学中)宣誓加入男生(女生)联谊会的人;为健康祝酒 v. 保证,发誓;使保证,使许诺;承诺给予,承诺提供;用……抵押,以……典押;宣誓加入(大学男生联谊会或女生联谊会);为健康祝酒 【名】 (pledge)(英)普莱奇(人名);pledges;pledges;pledging;pledged;pledged

6. global [ˈgləʊbəl] adj. 全球的,全世界的;全面的,整体的;(计算机)全局的;球形的

7. exceed [ɪkˈsɪːd] v. 超过,超出;超越(限制);优于,胜过;exceeds;exceeding;exceeded;exceeded

8. frustrate [frʌsˈtreɪt] v. 使懊恼,使沮丧;挫败,阻挠;受挫 adj. 痛苦的,受挫的;frustrates;frustrating;frustrated;frustrated

9. route [ruːt] n. 路线,航线;道路,路途;常规路线,固定路线;(尤指作为送货工作的)例行拜访,递送路线;途径,方法;(用于美国城市间干线公路编号前)公路(route) v. 按特定路线发送(车辆、货物或乘客);以......线路发送(电话或其他电子信号);routes;routes;routing;routeing;routed;routed

10. mechanism [ˈmekənɪzəm] n. 机械装置,机件;途径,方法;(生物体内的)机制,构造;机械论;(产生自然现象等的)物理过程;mechanisms

11. ensure [ɪnˈʃʊə] v. 确保,保证;保护,使安全;ensures;ensuring;ensured;ensured

12. accord [əˈkɔːd] n. 协议,条约;符合,一致 v. 使受到,给予(某种待遇);(与……)一致,符合;accords;accords;according;accorded;accorded

13. overall [ˈəʊvərɔːl] adj. 总的,全面的;所有的,包括一切的 adv. 全部,总共;总的说来,大体上 n. (工作时穿的)罩衣;(上下连身的)工作服,防护服(overalls);背带工装裤(overalls);骑马裤,紧身制服裤(overalls);overalls

14. tackle [ˈtækl] v. 应付,解决(难题或局面);与……交涉;(足球、曲棍球等比赛中)抢断;(橄榄球等比赛中)擒抱并摔倒(对方球员);擒获;对付,打(尤指罪犯);质问,责问;反对,反抗 n. (足球等中的)抢断球;(橄榄球或美式足球)擒抱摔倒;(美式足球中的)阻截队员;体育器械,(尤指)渔具;(吊起重物用的)索具,滑轮;男性性器官;tackles;tackles;tackling;tackled;tackled

15. reduction [rɪˈdʌkʃən] n. 减小,降低;减价,折扣;(照片、地图、图片等的)缩图,缩版;归纳,简化;(数学)归约,约化;染色体减半;简编曲(管弦乐改编的钢琴曲或小乐队演奏曲);浓汤,浓汁;脱臼(或断骨)复位;(化学)还原,被还原;(语音)弱化;reductions

16. procedure [prəˈsɪːdʒə] n. 手续,步骤;(商业、法律或政治上的)程序;外科手术;(电脑的)应用程式;procedures

17. instance [ˈɪnstəns] n. 例子,实例 v. 举……为例;instances;instances;instancing;instanced;instanced

18. mostly [ˈməʊstlɪ] adv. 多半,主要地;几乎全部,几乎所有

19. embark [ɪmˈbɑːk] v. 上船,上飞机;着手,开始(新的或艰难的事情);embarks;embarking;embarked;embarked

20. principal [ˈprɪnsəp(ə)l, -sɪp-] adj. 最重要的,首要的;本金的,母金的 n. (美国公立中小学的)校长;(英国的)大学校长,学院院长;(企业或机构的)负责人;(音乐会、戏剧、芭蕾舞剧、歌剧中的)主角演员;(管弦乐队每一乐器组的)首席演奏者;(有利息的)本金,资金;(法律和商业事务中的)代表,受委托人;关键人物;(某些行业)完全合格的开业者;(负责某一部门的)高级公务员;主犯,首犯;决斗者;(支撑檩的)主椽;(管风琴的)主音栓;principals

21. judicial [dʒu(ː)ˈdɪʃəl] adj. 法庭的,司法的;公正的,明断的

22. obligation [ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃən] n. (法律上或道义上的)义务,责任;恩惠,人情债;(承诺付款等的)合同,契约;必须要做的事情;obligations

23. conservation [ˌkɒnsə(ː)ˈveɪʃən] n. 保护,保存;节约,防止浪费;守恒定律

24. amplify [ˈæmplɪfaɪ] v. 放大,扩大(声音);增强,加强;详述,进一步阐明;扩增(基因,dna序列);amplifies;amplifying;amplified;amplified

25. compensation [kɒmpenˈseɪʃən] n. 赔偿金,补偿金;弥补,抵消;报酬,薪水

26. launch [lɔːntʃ, lɑːntʃ] v. 发动,发起;上市,发行;使(船或舰)下水;发射(武器或宇宙飞船);启动(计算机程序);投出,用力扔出;使投身于(事业等);起飞,出海 n. (航天器的)发射;(产品的)上市;(事件的)发起;汽艇,游艇;(新产品,出版物)发布会,推介会;launches;launches;launching;launched;launched

27. shell [ʃel] n. (蛋、坚果、某些种子和某些动物的)壳;(甲虫的)鞘翅;(尤指建筑物等遭破坏后剩下的)框架,骨架;壳状物;(人的)表面性格,表面感情;空躯壳;(物理)壳层;炮弹;子弹,弹药筒;轻型赛艇;内棺,粗制棺材;(剑的)护手;(计算机)shell program 的简称 v. 剥……壳;炮轰;(从对方投手)大量得分;shells;shells;shelling;shelled;shelled

28. resource [rɪˈsɔːs] n. 自然资源;资源(指钱、物、人等);有助于实现目标的东西,资料;(对付困境所需的)个人素质(resources);(逆境中的)出路,应付办法;谋略,智谋 v. 向……提供资金(或设备);resources;resources;resourcing;resourced;resourced

29. expertise [ˌekspəˈtɪːz] n. 专长,专门技能(知识);专家的意见

30. criticism [ˈkrɪtɪsɪz(ə)m] n. 批评,批判;意见;评论,评价;(对文学作品和历史文献的)考证;criticisms

31. involve [ɪnˈvɒlv] v. 牵涉,涉及;包含,需要;使陷入,使卷入;(使)参加,加入;使承担,使面对;involves;involving;involved;involved

32. scale [skeɪl] n. 天平,磅秤;天平盘;天秤(星)座(the scales);等级,级别;刻度,标度;标尺,刻度尺;规模,范围;比例,比例尺;鳞,鳞片;鱼鳞状物;水垢;牙垢;音阶;(加热后金属上形成的)氧化皮;进位制;(摄影)影调范围 v. 改变(文字、图片)的尺寸大小;刮去(鱼鳞);攀登,翻越;剔除(牙垢);(尤指皮肤)生成鳞屑;(成片状)脱落,剥落;(数量,财产) 按一定比例调节;称得重量为;估算(树木的)产木材量 adj. (模型或复制品)按比例缩小的 【名】 (scale)(意)斯卡莱(人名);scales;scales;scaling;scaled;scaled

33. humanity [hjə(ː)ˈmænɪtɪ] n. 人类(总称);人性,人的属性;人道,仁慈;(历史、哲学、文学等)人文学科;humanities

34. alternative [ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv] n. 可供选择的事物,替代物 adj. 可替代的,备选的;非传统的,另类的;(两者)互不相容的,非此即彼的;alternatives

35. threat [θret] n. 威胁,恐吓;构成威胁的人(或事物);凶兆,征兆;(律)恐吓,威胁;threats;threats;threating;threated;threated

36. collective [kəˈlektɪv] adj. 集体的,共同的;总的,集合的 n. 集体农庄,集体企业;集合名词;collectives

37. survival [səˈvaɪvəl] n. 继续生存,存活,幸存;遗留物,幸存物,残存物 adj. 幸存的,赖以生存的,救生用的;survivals



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考研摸拟练习
Who is legally responsible for climate harms? The world’s top court will now decide
The International Court of Justice will clarify states’ legal responsibility for impacts of climate change. Although non-binding, its opinion will matter for thousands of climate lawsuits.
It bears repeating over and over: the science is not in question. High concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are warming the planet. International law is also clear: under the legally binding Paris climate agreement, nations pledged to keep average temperatures within 1.5 °C of pre-industrial levels. And yet, as emissions continue to increase, global temperature rises will almost certainly exceed this limit.
The research community is frustrated that its warnings are not being heeded. What is the point of a legally binding agreement if countries can effectively ignore it? Some scientists are arguing that climate researchers need to become climate activists, too1,2. But others, and more than a few governments, are not giving up on the legal route. Because the Paris agreement lacks an enforcement mechanism, they want courts to ensure that all those with climate responsibility — nationally and internationally — can be held to their promises. And they have been busy going to court.
By the end of last year, 2,666 climate-litigation cases had been filed worldwide, according to a report3 by the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, published in June (see ‘Climate in court’). Most claimants are individuals, young and old, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). All are looking to hold governments and companies accountable for their climate pledges. In 2022, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change4 acknowledged that, if successful, climate litigation “can lead to an increase in a country’s overall ambition to tackle climate change”. Note the phrase, “if successful”.
There have been a handful of landmark judgments. For example, in May, courts in Germany and the United Kingdom separately found that their government’s policies would fail to meet emissions-reduction targets that are set out in law. But most claimants struggle to get a positive result, as Joana Setzer and Catherine Higham, researchers at the Grantham Institute in London, show in their report3. Much climate litigation is mired in a maze of process and procedure. In some instances, respondents — mostly corporations — are embarking on counter-litigation, essentially challenging climate laws that they do not like.
This is where the entry of the world’s highest court could be a game changer. In the next few months, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations’ principal judicial organ in The Hague, the Netherlands, will begin hearing evidence on two broad questions: first, what are countries’ obligations in international law to protect the climate system from anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions, and second, what should the legal consequences be for states when their actions — or failure to act — cause harm?
The time to act is now: the world’s highest court must weigh in strongly on climate and nature
This could be one of the most consequential developments in climate policy since the Paris agreement itself. Adil Najam, president of the global conservation NGO WWF, writes in a World View that the ICJ’s opinion “will amplify the voices of millions of scientists and citizens who are demanding strong ambition and action on climate and nature protection”.
These voices include people arguing against greenwashing, or for the protection from climate change as a human right, as well as public authorities seeking compensation from corporations for climate-related harms, under the ‘polluter pays’ principle. Last September, California launched legal action against five of the world’s largest oil companies — BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Exxon and Shell — and their subsidiaries, demanding that they pay “for the costs of their impacts to the environment, human health and Californians’ livelihoods, and to help protect the state against the harms that climate change will cause in years to come”.
Brazil’s public prosecutor’s office and the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources are seeking compensation for harms specifically from greenhouse-gas emissions caused by illegal deforestation5. The ICJ’s opinion, although non-binding, will be especially important for low- and middle-income countries, which have comparatively less access to expertise in climate science, policy and law than do high-income countries.
Courting concerns
One criticism of climate litigation states that courts should not be getting involved in what are essentially political processes. The argument is that, if climate laws lack an enforcement mechanism, then governments need to legislate for one. According to this idea, it shouldn’t be up to the courts to do something that is the job of governments; that would be judicial overreach.
Courts are well aware of these concerns, and the ICJ will be, too. Legal redress is but one tool in a larger toolbox of actions. Ultimately, climate action at scale and pace will happen only when the international community is persuaded that humanity has no alternative but to decarbonize in a just way; not because of the threat of prosecutions, but because our collective survival depends on it.
But the law has a key role. And the ICJ’s opinion, backed by the highest standards of evidence, will be necessary in clarifying states’ responsibility for climate harms and their obligation to protect the environment from emissions.



外刊双语剪 考研阅读精选 ↓↓
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开始比阅

0参考↓■legally, 合法地; ■responsible, 负责的; ■climate, 气候; ■harms, 危害; ■world’s, 世界; ■court, 法院; ■decide, 决定;

Who is legally responsible for climate harms? The world’s top court will now decide

点击空白区:▲参考单词/比阅翻译▼

有道:谁对气候危害负有法律责任?世界最高法院将做出裁决
百度:谁对气候危害负有法律责任?世界最高法院现在将作出裁决

1. responsible [rɪsˈpɒnsəbl] adj. (对某人、某事)负责的;(对事故、错误、罪行等)负有责任的,应承担责任的;(工作或职位)重要的,责任重大的;可靠的,负责任的;作为缘由的,应受归咎的;向......负责的,向......汇报的

1参考↓■International, 国际; ■Court, 法院; ■Justice, 正义; ■clarify, 澄清; ■states’, 国家'; ■legal, 合法的; ■responsibility, 责任; ■impacts, 影响; ■climate, 气候; ■change, 改变; ■Although, 虽然; ■non-binding, 不具约束力; ■opinion, 意见; ■matter, 问题; ■thousands, 数千; ■climate, 气候; ■lawsuits, 诉讼;

The International Court of Justice will clarify states’ legal responsibility for impacts of climate change. Although non-binding, its opinion will matter for thousands of climate lawsuits.

有道:国际法院将明确各国对气候变化影响的法律责任。虽然没有约束力,但它的意见将对数千起气候诉讼产生影响。
百度:国际法院将澄清各国对气候变化影响的法律责任。尽管不具约束力,但其意见将对数千起气候诉讼产生影响。

2. bind [baɪnd] v. 捆绑,系;包扎;使紧密联系;迫使,使负有义务(或责任);(使)凝结,(使)粘合;装订;给……镶边,给……滚边;(量词)适用于(给定的变量);(规则,语法条件)决定(共指名词词组)之间的关系;(食物,药品)使便秘 n. 窘境,困境;令人不快的事情;法律约束;连结线;蔓,藤 【名】 (bind)(德)宾德(人名);binds;binds;binding;bound;bound

2参考↓■bears, 熊; ■repeating, 重复; ■science, 科学; ■question, 问题; ■concentrations, 浓度; ■greenhouse, 温室; ■gases, 气体; ■atmosphere, 气氛; ■warming, 变暖; ■planet, 行星; ■International, 国际; ■clear, 清楚的; ■under, 在下面; ■legally, 合法地; ■binding, 结合; ■Paris, 巴黎; ■climate, 气候; ■agreement, 协议; ■nations, 国家; ■pledged, 认捐; ■average, 平均的; ■temperatures, 温度; ■within, 在内部; ■pre-industrial, 工业化前; ■levels, 水平; ■emissions, 排放; ■continue, 持续; ■increase, 增加; ■global, 全球的; ■temperature, 温度; ■rises, 上升; ■almost, 几乎; ■certainly, 当然; ■exceed, 超过; ■limit, 限制;

It bears repeating over and over: the science is not in question. High concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are warming the planet. International law is also clear: under the legally binding Paris climate agreement, nations pledged to keep average temperatures within 1.5 °C of pre-industrial levels. And yet, as emissions continue to increase, global temperature rises will almost certainly exceed this limit.

有道:这一点值得一遍又一遍地重复:科学是毋庸置疑的。大气中高浓度的温室气体正在使地球变暖。国际法也很明确:根据具有法律约束力的巴黎气候协议,各国承诺将平均气温控制在工业化前水平的1.5°C以内。然而,随着排放继续增加,全球气温上升几乎肯定会超过这一限制。
百度:这值得反复强调:科学是没有问题的。大气中高浓度的温室气体正在使地球变暖。国际法也很明确:根据具有法律约束力的巴黎气候协议,各国承诺将平均气温保持在工业化前水平的1.5°C以内。然而,随着排放量的持续增加,全球气温上升几乎肯定会超过这一限制。

2. bind [baɪnd] v. 捆绑,系;包扎;使紧密联系;迫使,使负有义务(或责任);(使)凝结,(使)粘合;装订;给……镶边,给……滚边;(量词)适用于(给定的变量);(规则,语法条件)决定(共指名词词组)之间的关系;(食物,药品)使便秘 n. 窘境,困境;令人不快的事情;法律约束;连结线;蔓,藤 【名】 (bind)(德)宾德(人名);binds;binds;binding;bound;bound

3. concentration [ˌkɒnsenˈtreɪʃən] n. 专心,专注;关注,重视;集中,聚集;含量,浓度;concentrations

4. greenhouse [ˈgrɪːnhaʊs] n. 温室,暖房 adj. 温室效应的;greenhouses

5. pledge [pledʒ] n. 誓言,保证,承诺;捐款承诺;戒酒誓言(the pledge);信物;抵押品;(美国大学中)宣誓加入男生(女生)联谊会的人;为健康祝酒 v. 保证,发誓;使保证,使许诺;承诺给予,承诺提供;用……抵押,以……典押;宣誓加入(大学男生联谊会或女生联谊会);为健康祝酒 【名】 (pledge)(英)普莱奇(人名);pledges;pledges;pledging;pledged;pledged

6. global [ˈgləʊbəl] adj. 全球的,全世界的;全面的,整体的;(计算机)全局的;球形的

7. exceed [ɪkˈsɪːd] v. 超过,超出;超越(限制);优于,胜过;exceeds;exceeding;exceeded;exceeded

3参考↓■research, 研究; ■community, 社区; ■frustrated, 沮丧的; ■warnings, 警告; ■being, 存在; ■heeded, 注意; ■point, 指向; ■legally, 合法地; ■binding, 结合; ■agreement, 协议; ■countries, 国家; ■effectively, 有效; ■ignore, 忽视; ■scientists, 科学家; ■arguing, 争论; ■climate, 气候; ■researchers, 研究人员; ■become, 成为; ■climate, 气候; ■activists, 活动家; ■too12, 也是12; ■others, 其他; ■governments, 政府; ■giving, 给; ■legal, 合法的; ■route, 路线; ■Because, 因为; ■Paris, 巴黎; ■agreement, 协议; ■lacks, 缺乏; ■enforcement, 执行; ■mechanism, 机制; ■courts, 法院; ■ensure, 确保; ■those, 那些; ■climate, 气候; ■responsibility, 责任; ■nationally, 全国范围内; ■internationally, 国际上; ■their, 他们的; ■promises, 承诺; ■going, 去; ■court, 法院;

The research community is frustrated that its warnings are not being heeded. What is the point of a legally binding agreement if countries can effectively ignore it? Some scientists are arguing that climate researchers need to become climate activists, too1,2. But others, and more than a few governments, are not giving up on the legal route. Because the Paris agreement lacks an enforcement mechanism, they want courts to ensure that all those with climate responsibility — nationally and internationally — can be held to their promises. And they have been busy going to court.

有道:研究界感到沮丧的是,他们的警告没有得到重视。如果各国可以有效地忽视一项具有法律约束力的协议,那它还有什么意义呢?一些科学家认为,气候研究人员也需要成为气候活动家。但是其他人,以及很多政府,并没有放弃法律途径。由于《巴黎协定》缺乏执行机制,他们希望法院确保所有负有气候责任的国家和国际机构都能履行承诺。他们一直忙着上法庭。
百度:研究界对其警告没有得到重视感到沮丧。如果各国能够有效地忽视具有法律约束力的协议,那么该协议的意义何在?一些科学家认为,气候研究人员也需要成为气候活动家1,2。但其他国家和多个政府并没有放弃法律途径。由于《巴黎协定》缺乏执行机制,他们希望法院确保所有在国家和国际上负有气候责任的人都能信守承诺。他们一直忙于上法庭。

2. bind [baɪnd] v. 捆绑,系;包扎;使紧密联系;迫使,使负有义务(或责任);(使)凝结,(使)粘合;装订;给……镶边,给……滚边;(量词)适用于(给定的变量);(规则,语法条件)决定(共指名词词组)之间的关系;(食物,药品)使便秘 n. 窘境,困境;令人不快的事情;法律约束;连结线;蔓,藤 【名】 (bind)(德)宾德(人名);binds;binds;binding;bound;bound

8. frustrate [frʌsˈtreɪt] v. 使懊恼,使沮丧;挫败,阻挠;受挫 adj. 痛苦的,受挫的;frustrates;frustrating;frustrated;frustrated

9. route [ruːt] n. 路线,航线;道路,路途;常规路线,固定路线;(尤指作为送货工作的)例行拜访,递送路线;途径,方法;(用于美国城市间干线公路编号前)公路(route) v. 按特定路线发送(车辆、货物或乘客);以......线路发送(电话或其他电子信号);routes;routes;routing;routeing;routed;routed

10. mechanism [ˈmekənɪzəm] n. 机械装置,机件;途径,方法;(生物体内的)机制,构造;机械论;(产生自然现象等的)物理过程;mechanisms

11. ensure [ɪnˈʃʊə] v. 确保,保证;保护,使安全;ensures;ensuring;ensured;ensured

4参考↓■climate-litigation, 气候诉讼; ■cases, 案例; ■filed, 提出; ■worldwide, 全球范围; ■according, 根据; ■report3, 报告3; ■Grantham, 格兰瑟姆; ■Research, 研究; ■Institute, 研究所; ■Climate, 气候; ■Change, 更改; ■Environment, 环境; ■published, 出版; ■‘Climate, '气候; ■court’, 法院”; ■claimants, 索赔人; ■individuals, 个人; ■young, 年轻的; ■non-governmental, 非政府组织; ■organizations, 组织; ■looking, 看; ■governments, 政府; ■companies, 公司; ■accountable, 负有责任的; ■their, 他们的; ■climate, 气候; ■pledges, 认捐; ■Intergovernmental, 政府间; ■Panel, 面板; ■Climate, 气候; ■Change4, 更改4; ■acknowledged, 承认; ■successful, 成功的; ■climate, 气候; ■litigation, 诉讼; ■increase, 增加; ■country’s, 国家的; ■overall, 总体的; ■ambition, 野心; ■tackle, 解决; ■climate, 气候; ■change, 改变; ■phrase, 短语; ■successful, 成功的;

By the end of last year, 2,666 climate-litigation cases had been filed worldwide, according to a report3 by the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, published in June (see ‘Climate in court’). Most claimants are individuals, young and old, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). All are looking to hold governments and companies accountable for their climate pledges. In 2022, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change4 acknowledged that, if successful, climate litigation “can lead to an increase in a country’s overall ambition to tackle climate change”. Note the phrase, “if successful”.

有道:格兰瑟姆气候变化与环境研究所(Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment)今年6月发表的一份报告显示,截至去年年底,全球共受理了2666起气候诉讼案件。大多数索赔人是个人,有老有少,也有非政府组织。所有人都希望政府和公司对他们的气候承诺负责。2022年,政府间气候变化专门委员会承认,如果成功,气候诉讼“可以提高一个国家应对气候变化的总体雄心”。注意“如果成功”这个短语。
百度:根据格兰瑟姆气候变化与环境研究所6月发表的一份报告3,截至去年年底,全球已提起2666起气候诉讼案件(见“法庭上的气候”)。大多数索赔人是个人、年轻人和老年人,以及非政府组织。所有人都希望政府和公司对其气候承诺负责。2022年,政府间气候变化专门委员会4承认,如果成功,气候诉讼“可以提高一个国家应对气候变化的总体雄心”。注意短语“如果成功”。

5. pledge [pledʒ] n. 誓言,保证,承诺;捐款承诺;戒酒誓言(the pledge);信物;抵押品;(美国大学中)宣誓加入男生(女生)联谊会的人;为健康祝酒 v. 保证,发誓;使保证,使许诺;承诺给予,承诺提供;用……抵押,以……典押;宣誓加入(大学男生联谊会或女生联谊会);为健康祝酒 【名】 (pledge)(英)普莱奇(人名);pledges;pledges;pledging;pledged;pledged

12. accord [əˈkɔːd] n. 协议,条约;符合,一致 v. 使受到,给予(某种待遇);(与……)一致,符合;accords;accords;according;accorded;accorded

13. overall [ˈəʊvərɔːl] adj. 总的,全面的;所有的,包括一切的 adv. 全部,总共; 总的说来,大体上 n. (工作时穿的)罩衣;(上下连身的)工作服,防护服(overalls);背带工装裤(overalls);骑马裤,紧身制服裤(overalls);overalls

14. tackle [ˈtækl] v. 应付,解决(难题或局面);与……交涉;(足球、曲棍球等比赛中)抢断;(橄榄球等比赛中)擒抱并摔倒(对方球员);擒获;对付,打(尤指罪犯);质问,责问;反对,反抗 n. (足球等中的)抢断球;(橄榄球或美式足球)擒抱摔倒;(美式足球中的)阻截队员;体育器械,(尤指)渔具;(吊起重物用的)索具,滑轮;男性性器官;tackles;tackles;tackling;tackled;tackled

5参考↓■There, 那里; ■handful, 少数; ■landmark, 地标; ■judgments, 判断; ■example, 例子; ■courts, 法院; ■Germany, 德国; ■United, 联合的; ■Kingdom, 王国; ■separately, 分别地; ■found, 建立; ■their, 他们的; ■government’s, 政府的; ■policies, 政策; ■would, 将; ■emissions-reduction, 减排; ■targets, 目标; ■claimants, 索赔人; ■struggle, 斗争; ■positive, 积极的; ■result, 结果; ■Joana, 乔安娜; ■Setzer, 塞策; ■Catherine, 凯瑟琳; ■Higham, 海厄姆; ■researchers, 研究人员; ■Grantham, 格兰瑟姆; ■Institute, 研究所; ■London, 伦敦; ■their, 他们的; ■report3, 报告3; ■climate, 气候; ■litigation, 诉讼; ■mired, 陷入泥沼; ■process, 过程; ■procedure, 程序; ■instances, 实例; ■respondents, 受访者; ■mostly, 主要地; ■corporations, 公司; ■embarking, 登船; ■counter-litigation, 反诉; ■essentially, 基本上; ■challenging, 具有挑战性的; ■climate, 气候;

There have been a handful of landmark judgments. For example, in May, courts in Germany and the United Kingdom separately found that their government’s policies would fail to meet emissions-reduction targets that are set out in law. But most claimants struggle to get a positive result, as Joana Setzer and Catherine Higham, researchers at the Grantham Institute in London, show in their report3. Much climate litigation is mired in a maze of process and procedure. In some instances, respondents — mostly corporations — are embarking on counter-litigation, essentially challenging climate laws that they do not like.

有道:有一些具有里程碑意义的判决。例如,今年5月,德国和英国的法院分别裁定,两国政府的政策无法达到法律规定的减排目标。但正如伦敦格兰瑟姆研究所的研究人员乔安娜·塞策尔和凯瑟琳·海厄姆在他们的报告中所指出的那样,大多数索赔人很难得到积极的结果。许多气候诉讼都陷入了错综复杂的流程和程序之中。在某些情况下,被告方——主要是企业——开始反诉,基本上是挑战他们不喜欢的气候法。
百度:已经有一些具有里程碑意义的判决。例如,今年5月,德国和英国的法院分别认定,其政府的政策将无法实现法律规定的减排目标。但正如伦敦格兰瑟姆研究所的研究人员Joana Setzer和Catherine Higham在他们的报告中所显示的那样,大多数索赔人都很难得到积极的结果。许多气候诉讼都陷入了程序和程序的迷宫。在某些情况下,受访者(主要是公司)正在提起反诉,实质上是挑战他们不喜欢的气候法。

15. reduction [rɪˈdʌkʃən] n. 减小,降低;减价,折扣;(照片、地图、图片等的)缩图,缩版;归纳,简化;(数学)归约,约化;染色体减半;简编曲(管弦乐改编的钢琴曲或小乐队演奏曲);浓汤,浓汁;脱臼(或断骨)复位;(化学)还原,被还原;(语音)弱化;reductions

16. procedure [prəˈsɪːdʒə] n. 手续,步骤;(商业、法律或政治上的)程序;外科手术;(电脑的)应用程式;procedures

17. instance [ˈɪnstəns] n. 例子,实例 v. 举……为例;instances;instances;instancing;instanced;instanced

18. mostly [ˈməʊstlɪ] adv. 多半,主要地;几乎全部,几乎所有

19. embark [ɪmˈbɑːk] v. 上船,上飞机;着手,开始(新的或艰难的事情);embarks;embarking;embarked;embarked

6参考↓■where, 哪里; ■entry, 进入; ■world’s, 世界; ■highest, 最高; ■court, 法院; ■could, 能够; ■changer, 转换器; ■months, 月; ■International, 国际; ■Court, 法院; ■Justice, 正义; ■United, 联合的; ■Nations’, 国家'; ■principal, 主要的; ■judicial, 司法; ■organ, 器官; ■Hague, 海牙; ■Netherlands, 荷兰; ■begin, 开始; ■hearing, 听力; ■evidence, 证据; ■broad, 宽阔的; ■questions, 问题; ■first, 第一; ■countries’, 国家’; ■obligations, 义务; ■international, 国际的; ■protect, 保护; ■climate, 气候; ■system, 系统; ■anthropogenic, 人为; ■greenhouse-gas, 温室气体; ■emissions, 排放; ■second, 第二; ■should, 应该; ■legal, 合法的; ■consequences, 后果; ■states, 各州; ■their, 他们的; ■actions, 行动; ■failure, 失败; ■cause, 原因;

This is where the entry of the world’s highest court could be a game changer. In the next few months, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations’ principal judicial organ in The Hague, the Netherlands, will begin hearing evidence on two broad questions: first, what are countries’ obligations in international law to protect the climate system from anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions, and second, what should the legal consequences be for states when their actions — or failure to act — cause harm?

有道:这就是世界最高法院的加入可能会改变游戏规则的地方。在接下来的几个月里,位于荷兰海牙的联合国主要司法机构国际法院(ICJ)将开始就两个广泛的问题听取证据:第一,各国在国际法上有什么义务保护气候系统不受人为温室气体排放的影响;第二,当各国的行动或不行动造成损害时,它们应该承担什么法律后果?
百度:世界最高法院的加入可能会改变游戏规则。在接下来的几个月里,位于荷兰海牙的联合国主要司法机构国际法院将开始听取关于两个广泛问题的证据:第一,各国在国际法中有哪些义务保护气候系统免受人为温室气体排放的影响,第二,当国家的行为或不作为造成损害时,国家应该承担什么法律后果?

4. greenhouse [ˈgrɪːnhaʊs] n. 温室,暖房 adj. 温室效应的;greenhouses

20. principal [ˈprɪnsəp(ə)l, -sɪp-] adj. 最重要的,首要的;本金的,母金的 n. (美国公立中小学的)校长;(英国的)大学校长,学院院长;(企业或机构的)负责人;(音乐会、戏剧、芭蕾舞剧、歌剧中的)主角演员;(管弦乐队每一乐器组的)首席演奏者;(有利息的)本金,资金;(法律和商业事务中的)代表,受委托人;关键人物;(某些行业)完全合格的开业者;(负责某一部门的)高级公务员;主犯,首犯;决斗者;(支撑檩的)主椽;(管风琴的)主音栓;principals

21. judicial [dʒu(ː)ˈdɪʃəl] adj. 法庭的,司法的;公正的,明断的

22. obligation [ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃən] n. (法律上或道义上的)义务,责任;恩惠,人情债;(承诺付款等的)合同,契约;必须要做的事情;obligations


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7参考↓■world’s, 世界; ■highest, 最高; ■court, 法院; ■weigh, 权衡; ■strongly, 强烈地; ■climate, 气候; ■nature, 自然;

The time to act is now: the world’s highest court must weigh in strongly on climate and nature

有道:现在是采取行动的时候了:世界最高法院必须在气候和自然问题上做出强有力的权衡
百度:现在是采取行动的时候了:世界最高法院必须对气候和自然问题进行强有力的权衡

8参考↓■could, 能够; ■consequential, 后果性; ■developments, 发展动态; ■climate, 气候; ■policy, 政策; ■since, 自从; ■Paris, 巴黎; ■agreement, 协议; ■itself, 它本身; ■Najam, 南杰; ■president, 总统; ■global, 全球的; ■conservation, 保护; ■writes, 写; ■World, 世界; ■ICJ’s, 国际法院; ■opinion, 意见; ■amplify, 放大; ■voices, 声音; ■millions, 数以百万计的; ■scientists, 科学家; ■citizens, 公民; ■demanding, 要求高的; ■strong, 坚强的; ■ambition, 野心; ■action, 行动; ■climate, 气候; ■nature, 自然; ■protection, 保护;

This could be one of the most consequential developments in climate policy since the Paris agreement itself. Adil Najam, president of the global conservation NGO WWF, writes in a World View that the ICJ’s opinion “will amplify the voices of millions of scientists and citizens who are demanding strong ambition and action on climate and nature protection”.

有道:这可能是自《巴黎协定》签署以来气候政策最重要的进展之一。全球自然保护非政府组织世界自然基金会(WWF)主席阿迪勒·纳贾姆(Adil Najam)在《世界观》(World View)中写道,国际法院的意见“将放大数百万科学家和公民的声音,他们要求在气候和自然保护方面有更大的雄心和行动”。
百度:这可能是自《巴黎协定》签署以来气候政策方面最重要的发展之一。全球保护非政府组织世界自然基金会主席Adil Najam在《世界观点》中写道,国际法院的意见“将放大数百万科学家和公民的声音,他们要求在气候和自然保护方面有强烈的野心和行动”。

6. global [ˈgləʊbəl] adj. 全球的,全世界的;全面的,整体的;(计算机)全局的;球形的

23. conservation [ˌkɒnsə(ː)ˈveɪʃən] n. 保护,保存;节约,防止浪费;守恒定律

24. amplify [ˈæmplɪfaɪ] v. 放大,扩大(声音);增强,加强;详述,进一步阐明;扩增(基因,dna序列);amplifies;amplifying;amplified;amplified

9参考↓■These, 这些; ■voices, 声音; ■include, 包括; ■people, 人; ■arguing, 争论; ■against, 反对; ■greenwashing, 漂绿; ■protection, 保护; ■climate, 气候; ■change, 改变; ■human, 人类; ■right, 正确的; ■public, 公众的; ■authorities, 当局; ■seeking, 寻求; ■compensation, 补偿; ■corporations, 公司; ■climate-related, 气候相关; ■harms, 危害; ■under, 在下面; ■‘polluter, '污染者; ■pays’, 支付'; ■principle, 原理; ■September, 九月; ■California, 加利福尼亚; ■launched, 推出; ■legal, 合法的; ■action, 行动; ■against, 反对; ■world’s, 世界; ■largest, 最大的; ■companies, 公司; ■Chevron, 雪佛龙; ■ConocoPhillips, 康菲石油公司; ■Exxon, 埃克森美孚; ■Shell, 壳牌; ■their, 他们的; ■subsidiaries, 子公司; ■demanding, 要求高的; ■costs, 成本; ■their, 他们的; ■impacts, 影响; ■environment, 环境; ■human, 人类; ■health, 健康; ■Californians’, 加利福尼亚人; ■livelihoods, 生计; ■protect, 保护; ■state, 状态; ■against, 反对; ■harms, 危害; ■climate, 气候; ■change, 改变; ■cause, 原因; ■years, 年;

These voices include people arguing against greenwashing, or for the protection from climate change as a human right, as well as public authorities seeking compensation from corporations for climate-related harms, under the ‘polluter pays’ principle. Last September, California launched legal action against five of the world’s largest oil companies — BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Exxon and Shell — and their subsidiaries, demanding that they pay “for the costs of their impacts to the environment, human health and Californians’ livelihoods, and to help protect the state against the harms that climate change will cause in years to come”.

有道:这些声音包括反对“洗绿”的人,或者主张将应对气候变化作为一项人权加以保护的人,以及政府当局根据“污染者付费”原则,要求企业赔偿与气候相关的损害。去年9月,加州对世界上最大的五家石油公司——BP、雪佛龙、康菲、埃克森和壳牌——及其子公司提起了法律诉讼,要求它们“为它们对环境、人类健康和加州人的生计造成的影响付出代价,并帮助保护加州免受未来几年气候变化将造成的危害”。
百度:这些声音包括反对洗绿的人,或主张将保护气候变化作为一项人权的人,以及根据“污染者付费”原则向公司寻求气候相关损害赔偿的公共当局。去年9月,加利福尼亚州对世界上最大的五家石油公司——英国石油公司、雪佛龙、康菲石油公司、埃克森美孚和壳牌——及其子公司提起法律诉讼,要求他们支付“对环境、人类健康和加利福尼亚人生计的影响成本,并帮助保护该州免受气候变化在未来几年将造成的危害”。

25. compensation [kɒmpenˈseɪʃən] n. 赔偿金,补偿金;弥补,抵消;报酬,薪水

26. launch [lɔːntʃ, lɑːntʃ] v. 发动,发起;上市,发行;使(船或舰)下水;发射(武器或宇宙飞船);启动(计算机程序);投出,用力扔出;使投身于(事业等);起飞,出海 n. (航天器的)发射;(产品的)上市;(事件的)发起;汽艇,游艇;(新产品,出版物)发布会,推介会;launches;launches;launching;launched;launched

27. shell [ʃel] n. (蛋、坚果、某些种子和某些动物的)壳;(甲虫的)鞘翅;(尤指建筑物等遭破坏后剩下的)框架,骨架;壳状物;(人的)表面性格,表面感情;空躯壳;(物理)壳层;炮弹;子弹,弹药筒;轻型赛艇;内棺,粗制棺材;(剑的)护手;(计算机)shell program 的简称 v. 剥……壳;炮轰;(从对方投手)大量得分;shells;shells;shelling;shelled;shelled

10参考↓■Brazil’s, 巴西; ■public, 公众的; ■prosecutor’s, 检察官; ■office, 办公室; ■Brazilian, 巴西的; ■Institute, 研究所; ■Environment, 环境; ■Renewable, 可再生能源; ■Natural, 天然; ■Resources, 资源; ■seeking, 寻求; ■compensation, 补偿; ■harms, 危害; ■specifically, 明确地; ■greenhouse-gas, 温室气体; ■emissions, 排放; ■caused, 引起; ■illegal, 非法的; ■deforestation5, 森林砍伐5; ■ICJ’s, 国际法院; ■opinion, 意见; ■although, 虽然; ■non-binding, 不具约束力; ■especially, 尤其地; ■important, 重要的; ■middle-income, 中等收入; ■countries, 国家; ■which, 哪一个; ■comparatively, 相对而言; ■access, 接近; ■expertise, 专业知识; ■climate, 气候; ■science, 科学; ■policy, 政策; ■high-income, 高收入; ■countries, 国家;

Brazil’s public prosecutor’s office and the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources are seeking compensation for harms specifically from greenhouse-gas emissions caused by illegal deforestation5. The ICJ’s opinion, although non-binding, will be especially important for low- and middle-income countries, which have comparatively less access to expertise in climate science, policy and law than do high-income countries.

有道:巴西检察官办公室和巴西环境与可再生自然资源研究所正在寻求赔偿,特别是非法砍伐森林造成的温室气体排放造成的损害。国际法院的意见虽然不具约束力,但对低收入和中等收入国家来说尤其重要,因为这些国家在气候科学、政策和法律方面获得专业知识的机会相对较少。
百度:巴西检察官办公室和巴西环境与可再生自然资源研究所正在就非法砍伐森林造成的温室气体排放造成的损害寻求赔偿。国际法院的意见虽然不具有约束力,但对中低收入国家尤为重要,因为与高收入国家相比,这些国家在气候科学、政策和法律方面的专业知识相对较少。

2. bind [baɪnd] v. 捆绑,系;包扎;使紧密联系;迫使,使负有义务(或责任);(使)凝结,(使)粘合;装订;给……镶边,给……滚边;(量词)适用于(给定的变量);(规则,语法条件)决定(共指名词词组)之间的关系;(食物,药品)使便秘 n. 窘境,困境;令人不快的事情;法律约束;连结线;蔓,藤 【名】 (bind)(德)宾德(人名);binds;binds;binding;bound;bound

4. greenhouse [ˈgrɪːnhaʊs] n. 温室,暖房 adj. 温室效应的;greenhouses

25. compensation [kɒmpenˈseɪʃən] n. 赔偿金,补偿金;弥补,抵消;报酬,薪水

28. resource [rɪˈsɔːs] n. 自然资源;资源(指钱、物、人等);有助于实现目标的东西,资料;(对付困境所需的)个人素质(resources);(逆境中的)出路,应付办法; 谋略,智谋 v. 向……提供资金(或设备);resources;resources;resourcing;resourced;resourced

29. expertise [ˌekspəˈtɪːz] n. 专长,专门技能(知识);专家的意见

11参考↓■Courting, 求爱; ■concerns, 关注点;

Courting concerns

有道:讨好的担忧
百度:求爱问题

12参考↓■criticism, 批评; ■climate, 气候; ■litigation, 诉讼; ■states, 各州; ■courts, 法院; ■should, 应该; ■getting, 得到; ■involved, 卷入的; ■essentially, 基本上; ■political, 政治的; ■processes, 过程; ■argument, 论点; ■climate, 气候; ■enforcement, 执行; ■mechanism, 机制; ■governments, 政府; ■legislate, 立法; ■According, 根据; ■shouldn’t, 不应该; ■courts, 法院; ■something, 某物; ■governments, 政府; ■would, 将; ■judicial, 司法; ■overreach, 越权;

One criticism of climate litigation states that courts should not be getting involved in what are essentially political processes. The argument is that, if climate laws lack an enforcement mechanism, then governments need to legislate for one. According to this idea, it shouldn’t be up to the courts to do something that is the job of governments; that would be judicial overreach.

有道:对气候诉讼的一种批评是,法院不应该介入本质上是政治过程的事情。论点是,如果气候法缺乏执行机制,那么政府就需要立法。根据这一观点,不应该由法院来做政府该做的事情;那将是司法越权。
百度:对气候诉讼的一种批评认为,法院不应该参与本质上是政治进程的事情。其论点是,如果气候法缺乏执行机制,那么政府需要为其立法。根据这一观点,法院不应该做政府的工作;这将是司法上的越权。

10. mechanism [ˈmekənɪzəm] n. 机械装置,机件;途径,方法;(生物体内的)机制,构造;机械论;(产生自然现象等的)物理过程;mechanisms

12. accord [əˈkɔːd] n. 协议,条约;符合,一致 v. 使受到,给予(某种待遇);(与……)一致,符合;accords;accords;according;accorded;accorded

21. judicial [dʒu(ː)ˈdɪʃəl] adj. 法庭的,司法的;公正的,明断的

30. criticism [ˈkrɪtɪsɪz(ə)m] n. 批评,批判;意见;评论,评价;(对文学作品和历史文献的)考证;criticisms

31. involve [ɪnˈvɒlv] v. 牵涉,涉及;包含,需要;使陷入,使卷入;(使)参加,加入;使承担,使面对;involves;involving;involved;involved

13参考↓■Courts, 法院; ■aware, 意识到的; ■these, 这些; ■concerns, 关注点; ■Legal, 法律; ■redress, 赔偿; ■larger, 更大的; ■toolbox, 工具箱; ■actions, 行动; ■Ultimately, 最终; ■climate, 气候; ■action, 行动; ■scale, 规模; ■happen, 发生; ■international, 国际的; ■community, 社区; ■persuaded, 说服; ■humanity, 人性; ■alternative, 可供替代的; ■decarbonize, 脱碳; ■because, 因为; ■threat, 威胁; ■prosecutions, 起诉; ■because, 因为; ■collective, 集体的; ■survival, 生存; ■depends, 取决于;

Courts are well aware of these concerns, and the ICJ will be, too. Legal redress is but one tool in a larger toolbox of actions. Ultimately, climate action at scale and pace will happen only when the international community is persuaded that humanity has no alternative but to decarbonize in a just way; not because of the threat of prosecutions, but because our collective survival depends on it.

有道:法院很清楚这些担忧,国际法院也将如此。法律补救只是一个更大的行动工具箱中的一个工具。最终,只有当国际社会相信人类别无选择,只能以公正的方式去碳化时,规模和速度的气候行动才会发生;不是因为起诉的威胁,而是因为我们的集体生存依赖于此。
百度:法院非常清楚这些担忧,国际法院也将如此。法律补救只是更大行动工具箱中的一个工具。最终,只有当国际社会相信人类别无选择,只能以公正的方式脱碳时,才能大规模、快速地采取气候行动;不是因为起诉的威胁,而是因为我们的集体生存取决于它。

32. scale [skeɪl] n. 天平,磅秤;天平盘;天秤(星)座(the scales);等级,级别;刻度,标度;标尺,刻度尺;规模,范围;比例,比例尺;鳞,鳞片;鱼鳞状物;水垢;牙垢;音阶;(加热后金属上形成的)氧化皮;进位制;(摄影)影调范围 v. 改变(文字、图片)的尺寸大小;刮去(鱼鳞);攀登,翻越;剔除(牙垢);(尤指皮肤)生成鳞屑;(成片状)脱落,剥落;(数量,财产) 按一定比例调节;称得重量为;估算(树木的)产木材量 adj. (模型或复制品)按比例缩小的 【名】 (scale)(意)斯卡莱(人名);scales;scales;scaling;scaled;scaled

33. humanity [hjə(ː)ˈmænɪtɪ] n. 人类(总称);人性,人的属性;人道,仁慈;(历史、哲学、文学等)人文学科;humanities

34. alternative [ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv] n. 可供选择的事物,替代物 adj. 可替代的,备选的;非传统的,另类的;(两者)互不相容的,非此即彼的;alternatives

35. threat [θret] n. 威胁,恐吓;构成威胁的人(或事物);凶兆,征兆;(律)恐吓,威胁;threats;threats;threating;threated;threated

36. collective [kəˈlektɪv] adj. 集体的,共同的;总的,集合的 n. 集体农庄,集体企业;集合名词;collectives

37. survival [səˈvaɪvəl] n. 继续生存,存活,幸存;遗留物,幸存物,残存物 adj. 幸存的,赖以生存的,救生用的;survivals

14参考↓■ICJ’s, 国际法院; ■opinion, 意见; ■backed, 支持; ■highest, 最高; ■standards, 标准; ■evidence, 证据; ■necessary, 必要的; ■clarifying, 澄清; ■states’, 国家'; ■responsibility, 责任; ■climate, 气候; ■harms, 危害; ■their, 他们的; ■obligation, 义务; ■protect, 保护; ■environment, 环境; ■emissions, 排放;

But the law has a key role. And the ICJ’s opinion, backed by the highest standards of evidence, will be necessary in clarifying states’ responsibility for climate harms and their obligation to protect the environment from emissions.

有道:但法律起着关键作用。国际法院的意见有最高标准的证据支持,对于明确各国对气候危害的责任及其保护环境免受排放的义务是必要的。
百度:但法律起着关键作用。国际法院的意见得到了最高标准证据的支持,对于澄清各国对气候危害的责任及其保护环境免受排放的义务是必要的。

22. obligation [ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃən] n. (法律上或道义上的)义务,责任;恩惠,人情债;(承诺付款等的)合同,契约;必须要做的事情;obligations













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