外刊阅读 | Nature | 疫苗挽救生命：如何增加接种率？

The battle we’re fighting is, there’s a lot of people following sports—not everyone’s watching sports.It’s harder to get people, especially younger people, to sit down and watch a full match.

我们面临的挑战是，有很多人关注体育运动，但并不是每个人都在看体育比赛。让人们，尤其是年轻人，坐下来观看一场完整的比赛越来越难。

Vaccines save lives: how can uptake be increased?

疫苗挽救生命：如何增加接种率？

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Vaccines save lives. The measles vaccine alone is estimated to have averted 23 million deaths between 2000 and 2018, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Data from a subset of countries where girls are vaccinated against the human papillomavirus show that precancerous cervical lesions in girls aged 15–19 plummeted by 51% within a few years of vaccine rollout. Globally, vaccination rates are increasing for many diseases. However, in 2022 (the latest year for which data are available), there were still 14.3 million ‘zero-dose’ children — those who had not received any routine immunizations.

A lack of access to vaccines and the high costs of producing and purchasing them are among the main reasons for low uptake, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In high-income countries, vaccine hesitancy is a significant factor. This is fuelled, in part, by misinformation, which is a problem worldwide.

Countries already have a range of strategies for boosting uptake. All should study the work of researchers who have been evaluating the effectiveness of different interventions. The burgeoning science of vaccine-uptake effectiveness is throwing up some unexpected results that could help public-health authorities to sharpen their policies — and save more lives.Take the United States. By October 2022, almost two years after the first COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out, 80% of people in the country aged six months and older had received at least one dose. However, only 33% had received a follow-up booster, which offers the highest possible level of protection against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The low booster numbers drove some states to investigate how uptake might be increased. Researchers and health authorities have highlighted ‘last-mile vaccination delivery’ as a major barrier to uptake. In 2021, the White House came up with the idea of encouraging people to get their boosters by offering them free transport to clinics through the ride-hailing companies Lyft and Uber. But a study published in Nature last month shows that this might have done little to increase booster uptake. “Our article really highlights the importance of testing policy,” says study co-author Sean Ellis, also at UPenn. “Whatever policy we’re putting into place, we should be robustly evaluating whether it actually works, so that if it does work, we can scale it up or continue to do it. And if it doesn’t, we can move on from it and try something else.” In other words, studies are needed to evaluate whether ‘common sense’ interventions actually work in practice.

The same study showed that the practice also increased influenza vaccine uptake, albeit from a much lower base. Uptake was more than 40% higher for those notified compared with those who did not receive a text message. This finding builds on the work of earlier studies. However, researchers are less certain whether these approaches are effective for people who are reluctant to be vaccinated.

Increasing vaccine access and accessibility saves lives, but is only part of the equation. 

增加疫苗的获取和可及性可以挽救生命，但这只是其中的一部分。

造句：Achieving good grades in school is only part of the equation for success in life. Developing strong interpersonal skills, resilience, and a passion for learning are equally important factors.（在学校取得好成绩只是人生成功的部分因素。培养强大的人际交往能力、韧性和对学习的热情同样重要。）

The obvious answer is not always the right one, and the vagaries of human behaviour can thwart seemingly logical solutions.

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