上期答案
In this case, the governing body's rules centred on limiting the sole thickness, the number and complexity of any internal rigid structures (such as the carbon fibre plates) and the prevention of shoes that were one-offs and would therefore not be accessible for the consumer to buy.
在这种情况下，管理机构的规则主要集中在限制鞋底厚度、内部刚性结构（如碳纤维板）的数量和复杂性以及防止一次性且消费者无法购买到的鞋类产品出现。
本期内容
早上好，读者朋友们，今天分享的文章节选自《华盛顿邮报》。在人生的众多角色转变中，成为父亲无疑是男性生命中最为重大的一次蜕变。然而，你或许未曾意识到，这一身份的转变不仅仅带来了情感和生活方式的改变，更在悄无声息中重塑了男人的大脑。今天，就让我们一同揭开这个神秘的面纱，探索男人成为父亲后，大脑发生的惊人变化。
Men’s brains change when they become dads
男人成为父亲后大脑会发生改变
1
Is it true that men’s brains change when they become fathers? Parenting requires unique skill sets. Mothers and fathers need to anticipate their children’s needs, and understand and care for them, often with no experience and on very little sleep. So, it’s not surprising that parents would need to adapt to be successful in their new roles, some researchers said. Studies have shown that when women become pregnant and after they give birth, physical changes occur in their brains that, some researchers suspect, may help prepare women for motherhood. And now research shows that new fathers go through similar changes.
pregnant /ˈpreɡnənt/ adj. 怀孕的
go through 经历
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当男人成为父亲时，他们的大脑真的会发生变化吗?为人父母需要独特的技能。父母需要预测孩子的需求，理解和照顾他们，通常没有经验，睡眠也很少。因此，一些研究人员表示，父母需要适应新角色才能取得成功，这并不奇怪。研究表明，当女性怀孕和分娩后，她们的大脑会发生生理变化，一些研究人员怀疑，这可能有助于女性为母亲做准备。现在的研究表明，准爸爸也会经历类似的变化。
Saxbe and her then colleagues in Spain conducted brain-imaging studies on 40 expectant fathers before and after the birth of their first child, she said. The researchers discovered that while the structural changes were more subtle than what has been observed in women, men experienced a reduction in gray matter before and after they became fathers. The researchers noted that these changes occurred primarily in the cerebral cortex, which plays a role in executive functioning, including memory, thinking, reasoning, learning, problem-solving and emotional processing. This reduction, a type of streamlining process, is thought to help the brain process information more efficiently, Saxbe said.
expectant /ɪkˈspektənt/ adj.期待的；准（父亲、母亲）
subtle /ˈsʌt(ə)l/ adj. 不易察觉的，微妙的
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萨克斯贝说，她和她当时在西班牙的同事对40名准爸爸在他们第一个孩子出生前后进行了脑成像研究。研究人员发现，虽然这种结构变化比在女性身上观察到的更为微妙，但男性在成为父亲前后都经历了灰质的减少。研究人员指出，这些变化主要发生在大脑皮层，它在执行功能中发挥作用，包括记忆、思考、推理、学习、解决问题和情绪处理。萨克斯贝说，这种减少被认为是一种简化过程，可以帮助大脑更有效地处理信息。
Indeed, in a follow-up study, Saxbe and a colleague found that among 38 first-time fathers, those who experienced more-significant reduction in gray matter volume in the cerebral cortex reported more motivation and engagement toward parenthood.“They felt more bonded with their babies before birth,” she said. “And then, subsequently, they spent more time with their babies as a primary caregiver.” Men also experience changes in hormones before and after becoming fathers.
follow-up adj. 后续的
reduction rɪˈdʌkʃ(ə)n/ n. 减小，降低
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事实上，在一项后续研究中，萨克斯贝和一位同事发现，在38名首次为人父的人中，那些大脑皮层灰质体积减少得更明显的人，对为人父母的动机和参与度更高。她说:“在孩子出生前，她们觉得自己和孩子的关系更紧密。”“随后，她们作为主要照顾者花更多时间和孩子在一起。”男性在成为父亲前后也会经历荷尔蒙的变化。
One study showed that the first time they hold their newborns, fathers get a boost of oxytocin, which is important for bonding. Another study of more than 600 men found that those in their early 20s who had higher levels of testosterone were more likely to become partnered fathers by the follow-up period four years later. Then, those who became partnered fathers experienced significant declines in testosterone, compared with single nonfathers, who saw modest declines.
oxytocin /ˌɑːksɪˈtoʊsɪn/ n.催产素
testosterone /teˈstɑːstəroʊn/ n. 睾酮
modest adj.谦虚的；不太重要的
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一项研究表明，父亲们第一次抱着新生儿时，催产素的分泌会增加，这对维系父子关系很重要。另一项针对600多名男性的研究发现，在20岁出头的男性中，睾酮水平较高的人更有可能在四年后成为父亲。然后，那些有伴侣且成为父亲的睾丸激素水平显著下降，而单身非父亲的睾丸激素水平则略有下降。
Higher testosterone levels in men, among other things, help facilitate competition in pursuing partnerships with future mates. So the idea is that declining testosterone as men are transitioning to fatherhood resets focus and priorities onto the family. In another study, reduced testosterone and increased cortisol, the stress hormone, in men who had just become fathers was linked to greater parental involvement in the months that followed.
facilitate /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ v.促进，推动
involvement /ɪnˈvɑːlvmənt/ n. 参与，介入
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男性体内睾酮水平较高，除其他因素外，有助于促进未来伴侣之间的竞争。因此，我们认为，随着男性逐渐成为父亲，睾酮水平下降会将注意力和优先事项重新放在家庭上。在另一项研究中，刚成为父亲的男性体内睾丸激素水平降低、压力荷尔蒙皮质醇水平升高，与随后几个月父母对孩子的参与度增加有关。
END
写作句式积累
It’s more of a mixed bag.
情况好坏参半。
长难句解析
Men’s bodies are preparing for the demands of parenthood /in some ways /that are parallel to what mothers experience/ but, in other ways, are distinct or specifically evolved in fathers/ to help them focus on the needs of their partners and their kids.
句子主干是：Men’s bodies（主语）+ are preparing（谓语）... that are parallel to what mothers experience 是定语从句，修饰some ways；but, in other ways, are distinct or specifically evolved in 是并列句，与前面的are parallel to并列。
翻译：男性的身体正在为满足为人父母的要求做准备，这种准备在某些方面与母亲的经历相似，但在其他方面，男性的身体又有所不同，或者说是专门进化而来的，以帮助他们专注于伴侣和孩子的需求。
翻译练习
While gray matter reduction in first-time fathers may contribute to better bonding and engagement, the changes are also linked to a greater risk of postpartum depression, anxiety and poor sleep quality in men.
翻译练习，欢迎大家文末留言打卡，下期推送文章公布答案哟，一起阅外刊学英语吧！
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