生殖免疫的核心:子宫内膜异位症和腺肌症的免疫炎症、生殖破坏、妊娠失败等相关病理生理(一、2)
4、Immunotherapy for recurrent pregnancy loss: a reappraisal
生殖免疫的核心:子宫内膜异位症和腺肌症的免疫炎症、生殖破坏、妊娠失败等相关病理生理(一、5)
6、Uterine NK cells: active regulators at the maternal-fetal interface子宫NK细胞:母胎界面的活性调节者
本文为第7篇
活化的NK细胞导致胎儿同种免疫性血小板减少症的胎盘功能障碍和流产
Activated NK cells cause placental dysfunction and miscarriages in fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Nat Commun . 2017 Aug 9;8(1):224.
胎儿/新生儿同种免疫性血小板减少症(FNAIT)是一种危及生命的妊娠疾病,其特征是母体对胎儿血小板抗原的免疫反应。FNAIT可导致胎儿/新生儿血小板破坏,从轻度皮肤点状到严重颅内出血(ICH)的出血性疾病,以及胎儿或新生儿死亡。母亲和胎儿之间的基因多态性不相容启动了免疫应答。据报道,共有36种同种异体抗原,其中大约一半位于整合素β3亚单位3,4的胞外结构域。在白种人中,70% ~ 90%的报告病例是由人类血小板抗原-1a引起,这是由于β3亚单位3,5的残基33 (L33P)的基因多态性。妊娠期间产生的母源性抗体穿过胎盘,靶向血小板和其他类型细胞上的父源性抗原,从而引起FNAIT。本文研究团队此前已经证明,母体抗β3整合素抗体的经胎盘传递会损害小鼠胎儿血管发育,并导致出血,尤其是胎儿和新生儿脑出血(Yougbare, I. et al. Maternal anti-platelet beta3 integrins impair angiogenesis and cause intracranial hemorrhage. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 1545–1556 (2015).
FNAIT中最具针对性的抗原β3整合素不仅在血小板和内皮细胞上表达,也在胎源性滋养细胞(胎盘)上表达。滋养细胞α ib β3和αVβ3整合素是囊胚着床和随后的胎盘发育(包括螺旋动脉(SA)重塑)的早期贡献者。SA(spiral artery螺旋动脉)重塑缺陷[deficient spiral artery (SA) remodeling]与妊娠并发症相关,包括先兆子痫(妊娠中晚期的高血压综合征)、IUGR和流产。据报道,表达父源性同种异体抗原的β3整合素阳性侵袭性滋养层细胞通过与母体蜕膜免疫细胞的相互作用启动免疫应答。父本β3整合阳性滋养细胞是否被母体免疫系统识别,以及它们在FNAIT中迁移和SA重塑中的功能是否受损,目前还没有研究。
在人类和其他哺乳动物的早期植入部位,自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)是高度富集的瞬时淋巴细胞,可促进脱髓细胞化,包括免疫耐受和血管发育。与人类外周NK细胞(CD56dim)不同,蜕膜NK细胞(dNK)细胞(CD56bright)是非细胞毒性细胞,具有血管生成潜能,似乎对正常的早期蜕膜血管生成至关重要。通过研究缺乏NK细胞的怀孕小鼠,以及通过证明正常小鼠子宫NK细胞(uNK)的血管分泌特性,确定了NK细胞在成功妊娠中的重要性。小鼠uNK细胞在怀孕第6-11天大量募集到蜕膜。到妊娠中期(第12天),大多数小鼠uNK细胞已经衰老,细胞数量下降。值得注意的是,在人和小鼠妊娠期间,d/uNK细胞的表型和功能发生了变化[Bulmer, J. N. & Lash, G. E. The role of uterine NK cells in normal reproduction and reproductive disorders. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 868, 95–126 (2015).
de Fougerolles, A. R. & Baines, M. G. Modulation of the natural killer cell activity in pregnant mice alters the spontaneous abortion rate. J. Reprod. Immunol. 11, 147–153 (1987).]例如,在人类妊娠并发症中,不同的激活受体(NKp30、NKp46和Fc γ受体Fc α RIIIa)和颗粒含量(穿孔素和颗粒酶)上调(Yamada, H. et al. Divergence of natural killer cell receptor and related molecule in the decidua from sporadic miscarriage with normal chromosome karyotype.Mol. Hum. Reprod. 11, 451–457 (2005).
在这里,课题组使用他们已经建立的小鼠FNAIT模型(Yougbare, I. et al. Maternal anti-platelet beta3 integrins impair angiogenesis and cause intracranial hemorrhage. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 1545–1556 (2015).
a Fetuses from immune mice had significantly impaired growth as revealed in the top panel by body weight and gross examination (liver = blue arrow, eye = yellow arrow, ICH = yellow star). b Immune mice developed a Th17 pro-inflammatory response (top panels) and splenomegaly (bottom panels) during pregnancy compared to non-immune pregnant mice. c Circulating Th17-polarized cytokines were also elevated in immune pregnant mice. Both plasma (c) and placental (d) angiogenic cytokines were significantly decreased in immune mice compared to non-immune pregnant mice. Data were collected from more than 30 pregnancies per group. End-1 endothelin-1, Eng endoglin, FGFa fibroblast growth factor acidic, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MMP-3 matrix metalloproteinase, TSP-2 thrombospondin-2, VEFG vascular endothelial growth factor, Unpaired Student’s t-test. Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001
图1 在(小鼠孕14.5天)E14.5的FNAIT中,母体对胎儿血小板β3整合素的免疫反应导致宫内生长迟缓和胎儿死亡。
a免疫小鼠的胎儿生长明显受损,如上图中体重和大体检查所示(肝脏=蓝色箭头,眼睛=黄色箭头,ICH=黄色星形)。b与非免疫妊娠小鼠相比,免疫小鼠在妊娠期间出现Th17促炎反应(上图)和脾肿大(下图)。c免疫妊娠小鼠的循环Th17极化细胞因子也升高。与非免疫妊娠小鼠相比,免疫小鼠的血浆(c)和胎盘(d)血管生成细胞因子均显著降低。每组收集了30多个孕鼠的数据。
End-1内皮素-1、Eng内皮糖蛋白、FGFa酸性成纤维细胞生长因子、MCP-1单核细胞趋化蛋白-1、MMP-3基质金属蛋白酶3、TSP-2血小板反应蛋白-2、VEFG血管内皮生长因子。未配对Student's t 检验,均数±标准差,*p<0.05,**p<0.01和***p<0.001。
a Bradycardia, impaired intraplacental blood flow (white arrow for Doppler waveforms) and poor placental blood perfusion (gross pictures) were found in FNAIT fetuses compared to fetuses of non-immune mice at E14.5. b Placental casts of the umbilical arterial circulation showed poor development of fetal capillaries in the labyrinth of placentas of immune mice as revealed by microtomography scan, stereomicroscopy micrograph, and IB4 immunostaining. c Fifteen minutes after maternal intravenous biotin injection, biotin transportation across the placenta into the fetal tissues (indicated by yellow arrows) was much more limited in fetuses from immune than control mice. Data were collected from more than eight pregnancies per group. Unpaired Student’s t-test. Mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001 and ns not significant. Scale bars: 200 μm (b, c)
图2 胎盘血管异常和胎盘灌注不良。
a At E14.5, implementation sites from immune mice exhibited significantly enlarged decidua compared to non-immune mice placentas (top panel). The decidua/labyrinth ratio was significantly higher in placentas of immune mice. b DBA+ NK cell number remained significantly elevated at E14.5 (right top, immunofluorescence panel) and their perforin granules were released (right bottom, histology panel, degranulated NK cells, yellow arrow). c NKp46 expression was significantly upregulated in placentas from immune mice (top panel). Percentage of activated uNK cells expressing markers of degranulation such as CD107 (DBA+NKp46+CD107+ cells) are significantly increased in immune mice (bottom panel). Data were collected from more than eight pregnancies per group. D decidua, JZ junctional zone, L labyrinth. Unpaired Student’s t-test. Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. Scale bars: (b) 500 μm white color and 20 μm red color
图3 胎盘病理和蜕膜中NK细胞积聚。
a在E14.5,与非免疫小鼠胎盘相比,免疫小鼠的实施位点表现出明显增大的蜕膜(上图)。免疫小鼠胎盘中的蜕膜/迷宫比明显更高。b DBA+NK细胞数量在E14.5时仍显著升高(右上,免疫荧光图),其穿孔素颗粒被释放(右下,组织学图,脱颗粒NK细胞,黄色箭头)。c免疫小鼠胎盘中NKp46表达显著上调(上图)。在免疫小鼠中,表达脱颗粒标志物如CD107(DBA+NKp46+CD107+细胞)的活化uNK细胞的百分比显著增加(下图)。每组收集了8例以上的妊娠数据。D分带,JZ交界带,L迷宫。未配对Student's t检验。均数±标准差,*p<0.05,**p<0.01和***p<0.001。比例尺:(b)500μm白色和20μm红色。
a β3 integrin was detected on multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast cells (STB, cytokeratin-7+) and on extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT, HLA-G+) were found in normal human placental villi from the first trimester of pregnancy (4.5–9 weeks). b Western blotting showing expression of β3 integrin by trophoblast cell line (right panel; HTR-8/SVneo and Swan 71) as well as mouse placenta (left panel). c At the maternal–fetal interface, fetal allogeneic trophoblast cells interact with maternal killer cells in the decidua. Trophoblasts (glycogen cells) in the junctional zone also showed more interactions with NK cells (yellow arrows) in immune mice placenta (left panel). These interactions were rare in the decidua of non-immune mice where the NK cells near junctional zone appeared senescent (right panel). d uNK cells from both non-immune and immune mice were not proliferating cells (top panel). The proliferating cells (Ki67-positive cells) were localized in the labyrinth and their numbers were significantly reduced in placentas of immune compared to non-immune mice (bottom panel). e Non-immune mice had lower levels of α1 integrin expression (top panel, left). Placentas from immune mice showed significantly upregulated α1 integrin expression, suggesting stronger tethering of uNK cells to extracellular matrix (top panel, center). Anti-asialo-GM-1 treatment reduced uNK cell accumulation (top panel, right). Data were collected from eight pregnancies per group. HLA-G marks only extravillous trophoblast, whereas cytokeratin-7, an epithelial cell marker, reacts with both STB and EVT. CTB cytotrophoblast, VS villous stroma. Unpaired Student’s t-test. (a–d); two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test (e). Mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns not significant. Scale bars: 100 μm (a, e) and 50 μm (c, d)
图4 早期人胎盘β3整合素表达。
a在妊娠前三个月(4.5-9周)的正常人胎盘绒毛中,在多核合体滋养层细胞(STB,细胞角蛋白-7+)和绒毛外滋养层细胞(EVT,HLA-G+)上检测到β3整合素。b蛋白质印迹显示滋养层细胞系(右图;HTR-8/SVneo和Swan 71)以及小鼠胎盘(左图)表达β3整合素。c在母胎界面,胎儿同种异体滋养层细胞与蜕膜中的母体杀伤细胞相互作用。连接区的滋养层细胞(糖原细胞)也与免疫小鼠胎盘中的NK细胞(黄色箭头)显示出更多的相互作用(左图)。这些相互作用在非免疫小鼠的蜕膜中很少见,在这些蜕膜中,连接区附近的NK细胞出现衰老(右图)。来自非免疫和免疫小鼠的duNK细胞都不是增殖细胞(上图)。增殖细胞(Ki67阳性细胞)位于迷宫中,与非免疫小鼠相比,免疫小鼠胎盘中的增殖细胞数量显著减少(下图)。e非免疫小鼠的α1整合素表达水平较低(上图,左)。免疫小鼠的胎盘显示α1整合素表达显著上调,表明uNK细胞与细胞外基质的结合更强(上图,中心)。抗asialo-GM-1治疗减少了uNK细胞的积聚(上图,右)。每组收集8例妊娠的数据。HLA-G仅标记绒毛外滋养层,而细胞角蛋白-7是一种上皮细胞标记,与STB和EVT都有反应。CTB细胞滋养层,VS绒毛基质。未配对Student's t 检验,(a至d);双因素方差分析,然后进行Bonferroni事后检验(e)。均数±标准差,**p<0.01,***p<0.001,ns不显著。比例尺:100μm(a,e)和50μm(c,d)。
a SA diameters were significantly larger in both non-immune and anti-asialo-GM-1-treated immune mouse placentas, whereas SA diameter was significantly reduced in placentas of non-treated immune mice, which showed higher expression of smooth muscle actin (black arrow, top histology panel). Spiral artery (SA) remodeling in placentas from non-immune mice showed presence of infiltrated endovascular trophoblasts. uNK cells surrounding maternal vessels impaired trophoblast migration into SA of immune mice. This was significantly ameliorated by anti-asialo-GM-1 treatment, which reduced NK cells’ accumulation in the placenta (middle immunofluorescence panel). TUNEL staining of placentas from immune mice further confirmed apoptosis of trophoblasts surrounding SA. These abnormalities were significantly ameliorated by anti-asialo-GM-1 treatment (bottom immunofluorescence panel). b NKp46 signaling was significantly upregulated in uNK cell lysates from immune mice compared to non-immune. Anti-asialo-GM-1 treatment also reduced NKp46 expression (top panel). Purified uNK cells from immune pregnant mice induced antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity on a cultured HTR-8-SV/neo trophoblast cell line, which was reduced by treatment with anti-FcɣRIIIa antibody (2.4G2; bottom panel). In vivo data are representative results of five pregnancies per group at E14.5 (a, b), whereas in vitro data are four sets of experiments (b). Unpaired Student’s t-test. (a); two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test (b). Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns not significant. Scale bars: 50 μm (a) and 200 μm (b)
图5 NK细胞介导的滋养层细胞凋亡机制。
a在非免疫和抗asialo-GM-1处理的免疫小鼠胎盘中,SA直径明显较大,而在未处理免疫小鼠的胎盘中,SA直径明显减小,这表明平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达较高(黑色箭头,顶部组织学面板)。非免疫小鼠胎盘中的螺旋动脉(SA)重塑显示存在浸润的血管内滋养层细胞。母体血管周围的uNK细胞损害了滋养层细胞向免疫小鼠SA的迁移。抗asialo-GM-1治疗显著改善了这种情况,减少了NK细胞在胎盘中的积聚(中间的免疫荧光图)。免疫小鼠胎盘的TUNEL染色进一步证实了SA周围滋养层细胞的凋亡。抗asialo-GM-1治疗显著改善了这些异常(底部免疫荧光图)。b与非免疫小鼠相比,免疫小鼠的uNK细胞裂解物中NKp46信号传导显著上调。抗asialo-GM-1治疗也降低了NKp46的表达(上图)。来自免疫妊娠小鼠的纯化uNK细胞对培养的HTR-8-SV/neo滋养层细胞系诱导了抗体介导的细胞毒性,经抗FcɣRIIIa抗体处理后,细胞毒性降低(2.4G2;下图)。体内数据是E14.5(a,b)时每组五次妊娠的代表性结果,而体外数据是四组实验(b)。未配对Student's t检验,双因素方差分析,然后进行Bonferroni事后检验(b)。均数±标准差,*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001,ns不显著。比例尺:50μm(a)和200μm(b)。
a Non-immune mice had normal pregnancies and delivered healthy pups. Litter sizes were not affected in immune females mated by β3−/− males. In immune mice, miscarriages (red arrows, resorbed fetuses) were frequent as well as severe bleeding in neonates (blue arrows for ICH) and low neonatal platelet counts. NK cell depletion induced by anti-asialo-GM-1 serum prevented miscarriages and bleeding in neonates. Inhibition of NK cell activation through NKp46 or FcγRIIIa blockade or IVIG ameliorated pregnancy outcomes (litter size). b Anti-NKp46 treatment in moderate FNAIT (induced by lower dose of 107 platelet transfused/immunization) also prevented miscarriages. Injections of high titer anti-β3 integrin IgG sera into non-immune mice did not cause miscarriage, albeit some neonates developed bleeding and ICH. Data were collected in four to eight pregnancies per group. Unpaired Student’s t-test (b); two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test (a). Mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns not significant
图6 抑制激活受体和NK细胞耗竭可防止IUGR/胎儿死亡。
a非免疫小鼠怀孕正常,产下健康的幼崽。与β3-/-雄性交配的免疫雌性的产仔数不受影响。在免疫小鼠中,流产(红色箭头,吸收的胎儿)频繁发生,新生儿严重出血(ICH的蓝色箭头)和新生儿血小板计数低。抗asialo-GM-1血清诱导的NK细胞耗竭可防止新生儿流产和出血。通过NKp46或FcγRIIIa阻断或IVIG抑制NK细胞活化可改善妊娠结局(产仔数)。b中度FNAIT中的抗NKp46治疗(由低剂量107血小板输注/免疫诱导)也可以预防流产。将高滴度的抗β3整合素IgG血清注射到非免疫小鼠体内不会导致流产,尽管一些新生儿出现了出血和脑出血。每组收集4至8名孕妇的数据。未配对Student'st检验,双因素方差分析,然后进行Bonferroni事后检验(a)。均数±标准差,**p<0.01,***p<0.001,ns不显著。
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