本期内容
Maintaining healthy nails is essential for overall well-being, as they reflect the vitality of our bodies and serve as a testament to our commitment to self-care.
保持健康的指甲对整体健康至关重要，因为它们反映了我们身体的活力，并证明了我们对自我保健的承诺。
本期内容
早上好，读者朋友们，今天分享的文章节选自《自然》。在这个快节奏、高压力的时代，我们每个人都像是一台高速运转的机器，不断追逐着生活的目标与梦想。然而，你可曾意识到，在这份不懈追求的背后，隐藏着一个鲜为人知的健康危机——大脑的压力正悄无声息地侵蚀着你的免疫系统，让你的身体变得脆弱不堪。那么，如何在繁忙与压力中守护好我们的免疫防线呢？答案或许就藏在我们日常的生活习惯之中。
How the stressed-out brain can weaken the immune system
大脑压力过大如何削弱免疫系统
1
Stress can make people feel sick, and bacteria in the gut might be to blame, according to a study in mice. The research suggests that a stressed brain directly shuts down specific glands in the gut, affecting gut bacteria and the body’s broader immune system.Researchers have long known that the gut and brain ‘talk’ to each other. Under stress, the brain spurs the release of hormones that can trigger gut conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. And certain bacteria in the gut can release chemical signals that affect the brain and behaviour.
bacteria /bækˈtɪriə/n. 细菌
gland /ɡlænd/n. 腺体
inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmətɔːri/ adj. 炎症性的
bowel /ˈbaʊəl/n. 肠，肠道
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一项对老鼠的研究表明，压力会让人感到不舒服，而肠道中的细菌可能是罪魁祸首。研究表明，压力大的大脑会直接关闭肠道中的特定腺体，影响肠道细菌和身体更广泛的免疫系统。研究人员早就知道肠道和大脑会相互“交流”。在压力下，大脑会刺激激素的释放，从而引发肠道疾病，如炎症性肠病。肠道中的某些细菌可以释放影响大脑和行为的化学信号。
But the neural communication pathways are less well understood. To find out more, neuroscientist Ivan de Araujo at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany, and his colleagues focused on small organs called Brunner’s glands that are found in the walls of the small intestine. Little is known about these glands, other than that they produce mucus and contain numerous neurons.De Araujo’s team found that removing the Brunner’s glands of mice made the animals more susceptible to infection. It also raised markers of inflammation, a flood of immune chemicals and cells that can damage tissues. The team saw a similar effect in humans: people who’d had tumours removed from the part of the gut containing Brunner’s glands had higher levels of white blood cells — a marker of inflammation — than people who’d had tumours removed from other areas.
intestine n.肠
mucus n. 粘液
tumour /ˈtuːmər/n. 肿瘤
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但人们对神经通讯通路的了解却不多。为了找到更多的答案，德国宾根马克斯·普朗克生物控制论研究所的神经学家伊万·德·阿劳霍和他的同事们把注意力集中在小肠壁上被称为布鲁纳腺的小器官上。除了知道这些腺体分泌粘液和含有大量神经元外，我们对它们知之甚少。德·阿劳霍的研究小组发现，切除小鼠的布伦纳氏腺会使小鼠更容易受到感染。它还会升高炎症标志物，即大量免疫化学物质和细胞，这些物质会损害组织。研究小组在人类身上发现了类似的效果:切除了含有布伦纳氏腺的肠道部位肿瘤的人，其白细胞（炎症标志物）水平高于切除了其他部位肿瘤的人。
Closer analysis showed that removing the Brunner’s glands from mice eliminates bacteria in the Lactobacillus genus, which live in the small intestine. In a healthy gastrointestinal tract, Lactobacilli stimulate production of proteins that act as grout between the cells lining the gut, keeping most of the gut’s contents inside while allowing certain nutrients to enter the bloodstream. But when Lactobacilli are gone, the gut becomes ‘leaky’ and “things that shouldn’t cross into the blood do so”, de Araujo says. The immune system attacks these foreign molecules, causing the inflammation and illness seen in mice without Brunner’s glands.
protein /ˈproʊtiːn/n. 蛋白质
grout /ɡraʊt/n.浆液
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进一步的分析表明，从老鼠身上移除布鲁纳氏腺会消除生活在小肠中的乳杆菌属细菌。在健康的胃肠道中，乳酸菌刺激蛋白质的产生，这些蛋白质在肠道细胞之间起到灌浆的作用，使肠道的大部分内容物留在肠道内，同时允许某些营养物质进入血液。但是当乳酸菌消失时，肠道就会变得“渗漏”，“不应该进入血液的东西就会进入血液”，德阿劳霍说。免疫系统会攻击这些外来分子，导致没有布伦纳氏腺的小鼠出现炎症和疾病。
The researchers then examined the glands’ neurons. They found that the neurons connect to fibres in the vagus nerve, a communications pathway between the gut and the brain. These fibres run directly to the brain’s amygdala, which is involved in emotion and stress response.Placing mice with intact Brunner’s glands under chronic stress had the same effect as removing the glands: Lactobacillus levels fell, and inflammation increased. This suggested that stress had shut down the Brunner’s glands.
vagus /ˈveɪɡəs/ n.迷走神经
amygdala /əˈmɪɡdələ/n.杏仁核
intact /ɪnˈtækt/adj. 完好无损的
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然后，研究人员检查了这些腺体的神经元。他们发现，这些神经元与迷走神经中的纤维相连，迷走神经是肠道和大脑之间的沟通途径。这些纤维直接连接到大脑的杏仁核，杏仁核与情绪和压力反应有关。将布伦纳氏腺完整的小鼠置于慢性压力下，与去除腺体的效果相同:乳酸杆菌水平下降，炎症增加。这表明压力导致布伦纳氏腺功能丧失。
Asya Rolls, a neuroimmunologist at the Technion — Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, is impressed by the direct line between the brain, Brunner’s glands, bacteria and immune system. “The specificity of the connection is amazing,” she says. But she cautions that the pathways in mice might not be identical to those in humans.“This paper is pretty inspiring,” says Christoph Thaiss, a microbiologist and neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Understanding the specific pathways that connect the brain and gut, he says, could help researchers to study questions such as why some people are more resilient to stress than others.
identical /aɪˈdentɪk(ə)l/adj. 完全相同的
resilient /rɪˈzɪliənt/adj.有适应力的
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以色列理工学院(Technion - Israel Institute of Technology)的神经免疫学家亚·罗尔斯对大脑、布鲁纳氏腺、细菌和免疫系统之间的直接联系印象深刻。“这种联系的特殊性是惊人的，”她说。但她警告说，老鼠的路径可能与人类的不一样。“这篇论文非常鼓舞人心，”费城宾夕法尼亚大学的微生物学家和神经科学家Christoph Thaiss说。他说，了解连接大脑和肠道的具体途径，可以帮助研究人员研究诸如为什么有些人比其他人更能适应压力等问题。
Journal：Nature(08 August 2024)
Title：How the stressed-out brain can weaken the immune system
Category：Science
END
写作句式积累
Little is known about these glands, other than that they produce mucus and contain numerous neurons.
Little is known about ... , other than that... 除...之外,人们对……知之甚少
造句：Little is known about the mysterious ruins hidden deep in the Amazon rainforest, other than that they date back to an ancient civilization that flourished centuries ago.（人们对隐藏在亚马逊雨林深处的神秘遗迹知之甚少，只知道它们可以追溯到几个世纪前繁荣的古代文明。）
翻译练习
Stress leads to disarray of the gut microbiome, which in turn causes inflammation and a drop in the body’s ability to fend off infection.
翻译练习，欢迎大家文末留言打卡，下期推送文章公布答案哟，一起阅外刊学英语吧！
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