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上期划线句答案
By the time Election Day arrived, she had taken her gender and her opponent’s name out of her closing argument altogether, casting her fight as one about embracing a more united future.
到选举日到来时，她已经将自己的性别和对手的名字从结辩演说中完全去除，将自己的斗争描绘成一场拥抱更团结未来的斗争。
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本期内容
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双语阅读
Para.1
Scientific publishing has long been a money-printing operation, with many big publishing houses reporting profit margins of between 30% and 40% year after year. The long-standing business model is watertight. Articles, which are written and reviewed by academics, are locked behind paywalls. Universities and research institutions then pay through the nose for access to them via subscriptions that cost millions of dollars a year. In the past decade, however, this model has been challenged by a rise in funders mandating that the research they pay for must be free for anyone to read. A host of publishers have, therefore, adopted a new business model to enable “open access”: levying an article-processing charge—ranging from $1,000 to $10,000 per paper, paid for by the scientists submitting the research—to cover their publishing costs.
Para.2
Both business models continue to do well; the number of academic papers published each year has doubled since 2010. In a new study published in Quantitative Science Studies, Mark Hanson of the University of Exeter and colleagues set out to identify where this explosion of papers has come from and—if possible—to assess whether a drive for quantity has affected quality. For their paper, entitled “The strain on scientific publishing”, the authors analysed publicly available data from journal websites managed by ten big publishing houses. According to the paper, of the ten publishers in their data set, all those operating for profit had increased their output since 2013. But the authors found that this increase occurred in different ways depending on the publishers’ business model.
Para.3
Roughly half of the new papers since 2013 came from the large traditional publishers Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer, Nature and Wiley (although these publishers operate some journals that have a fully or partially open-access model, the majority still require subscriptions). Together, these five increased their yearly output of papers by roughly 61% between 2013 and 2022. They did so by increasing both the number of journals in their portfolio and the number of papers per journal.
Para.4
The study found that the remainder of the increase came from the newer for-profit open-access-only publishers, Frontiers, Hindawi and MDPI. A decade ago, these companies published around 4% as many papers as the traditional publishers. By 2022 they were publishing a third as many. Dr Hanson and his colleagues determined this rapid growth was achieved mainly through the embrace of special issues: groups of articles published together and focused on a single topic outside the journal’s usual publication schedule.
Para.5
Rather than being managed by the journal’s permanent editorial staff, special issues are typically the responsibility of guest editors. These temporary editors solicit submissions from other scientists in their network. According to Dr Hanson’s team, between 2016 and 2022 the number of special-issue articles produced by the three largest for-profit open-access publishers rose by a factor of 12. These companies now publish four times as many special issues as regular papers. This rise in special-issue papers comes alongside signs that they are being edited more quickly. The researchers also found that, within MDPI and Hindawi’s portfolio of journals, those with more special issues were rejecting fewer submissions. The worry is that lower-quality articles could be slipping into these special issues.
本文节选自：The Economist（经济学人）
发布时间：2024.11.21
作者：Science & technology
原文标题：Scientific publishers are producing more papers than ever
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写作句总结
原句：Rather than being managed by the journal’s permanent editorial staff, special issues are typically the responsibility of guest editors.
结构：X, rather than being V-ed by Y, Z is typically the responsibility of W.
例句：Personal growth, rather than being determined by external circumstances, is typically the responsibility of one's own perseverance and mindset.
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阅读理解题
Which of the following is one of the concerns raised by Dr. Hanson and his colleagues regarding the rise in special-issue papers?
A) Special-issue papers are more likely to be edited with greater attention to detail.
B) Special-issue papers have a higher rejection rate compared to regular papers.
C) Special-issue papers may lead to a decrease in the overall quality of scientific publishing.
D) Special-issue papers are more likely to be free to access than regular papers.
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全文概括
A recent study examined the dramatic increase in scientific publications since 2010. The research reveals two distinct growth patterns: traditional subscription-based publishers expanded both the number of journals and articles per journal, while newer, open-access publishers experienced rapid growth primarily through "special issues." These special issues, often guest-edited and less rigorously vetted, raise concerns about potential declines in publication quality. Ultimately, the findings suggest a correlation between the rapid expansion of publications and potential compromises in quality control.
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打卡作业
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