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上期划线句答案
Sport psychologists have done a lot of research on “individualized zones of optimal functioning,” which is the state of activation, unique to you and unique to each task you might be required to perform, necessary for you to be able to perform at your very best.
运动心理学家针对“个体化最佳功能区”进行了大量研究，这个概念指的是一种激活状态，这种状态因人而异，也因任务而异，只有在这种状态下，你才能发挥出最好的表现。
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本期内容
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双语阅读
Para.1
“Sleep needs for most adults are somewhere between (seven to nine) hours per night, and that is consistent no matter how cold or dark it gets outside,” said Dasgupta, who is also associate program director of internal medicine residency at Huntington. “However, it is common to feel like you are sleeping more during the winter due to the fact that we lose an hour of daylight when we enter standard time, which is associated with the early onset of darkness.” When compared with animals, the effects of seasonality on human sleep were thought to amount to little to none until recently when a study published in February 2023 found otherwise: The 188 patients who underwent sleep studies at St. Hedwig Hospital in Berlin slept about an hour longer in winter than they did in summer, which the authors said wasn’t statistically significant. But participants did get 30 more minutes of rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep during winter. The REM phase of sleep is the sweet spot of sleep cycles, characterized by more dreaming and faster heart rate and breathing than in other stages. It’s “an essential stage of sleep that helps with memory, concentration, mood regulation and immune function,” Dasgupta said.
Para.2
The desire for, or occurrence of, more sleep during winter may have to do with how light fluctuates throughout the year, or with the behavioral and mental health changes that can result. Here’s what experts think you should know about the science and whether you should make any adjustments. “Our bodies receive cues from the sun when it comes to our circadian rhythm, meaning that when it is bright outside we tend to be active, but when the sun goes down, you may tend to feel tired,” Dasgupta said. “The decrease in sunlight causes an increase in melatonin, a hormone made in the body that regulates sleep-wake cycles.” With the earlier production of melatonin during winter, “it would be natural to assume that a healthy person also would need more sleep during the winter,” said Dr. Carleara Weiss, a research assistant professor in the Center for Nursing Research at the University of Buffalo. And light influences not only sleep quantity but also sleep quality. “REM sleep is highly affected by light and darkness, so when during the winter months we have less light, the body is going to basically overcompensate by giving more REM sleep,” said Dr. Joshua Tal.
Para.3
Needing more sleep during the winter may also be due to what’s known as “social jet lag,” experts said, meaning that the fun, late nights you had all summer may be why you’re having trouble falling asleep in winter or feeling your body overcompensate with more sleep. “Your body is not used to this earlier time, and it’s hard to fall asleep,” Tal said. “Your clock is delayed.” Other behavioral reasons include “holiday stress, indulgence in a wide variety of foods and treats, alcohol intake and skipping out on workouts,” Dasgupta said.
本文节选自：CNN
发布时间：2024.1.23
作者：Kristen Rogers
原文标题：Do humans need to hibernate, too? What the research shows
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写作句总结
原句：The desire for, or occurrence of, more sleep during winter may have to do with how light fluctuates throughout the year, or with the behavioral and mental health changes that can result.
结构：The desire for X may have to do with how Y do sth, or with Z that can result.
例句：The desire for a balanced lifestyle may have to do with how one manages stress throughout the day, or with the emotional and physical changes that can result from a lack of proper self-care.
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阅读理解题
According to the article, what is the effect of REM sleep during the winter months?
A) REM sleep is significantly reduced during winter due to the shorter daylight hours.
B) REM sleep increases in winter, which helps with memory, mood regulation, and immune function.
C) REM sleep is unaffected by the decrease in sunlight during winter.
D) The quality of REM sleep decreases during the winter months because of cold temperatures.
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全文概括
Recent research suggests that while the average adult needs seven to nine hours of sleep regardless of season, people may sleep longer in winter. This increase might be attributed to the earlier onset of darkness, leading to increased melatonin production and a shift in circadian rhythms. Furthermore, reduced sunlight impacts REM sleep, potentially causing the body to compensate with longer periods of this crucial sleep stage. Other factors, like social jet lag from summer's late nights and holiday-related lifestyle changes, may also contribute to increased winter sleep needs. Experts emphasize that these are potential contributing factors, and individual sleep needs can vary.
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