Donald Trump has promised a renewed push for tariffs when he returns to the White House. The stated goal is to protect American manufacturing jobs, but some approaches would achieve this far more effectively than others.

唐纳德•特朗普(Donald Trump)承诺在重返白宫后再次推动关税。他宣称的目标是保护美国的制造业就业岗位，但并非所有做法都会有相同效果，有些做法将会相对有效得多。

The historical record shows that, while tariffs can preserve specific manufacturing jobs in the short term, poorly designed trade barriers destroy more American factory jobs than they save. Understanding these trade-offs is crucial for policymakers determined to use tariffs. Trump has said he will impose tariffs of 25 per cent on all imports from Canada and Mexico, and an extra 10 per cent on Chinese goods. But implementation will be key.

历史记录表明，尽管关税可以在短期保护特定的制造业就业岗位，但与它们将会挽救的岗位相比，设计不当的贸易壁垒将会摧毁更多的美国工厂就业岗位。对决心使用关税的政策制定者来说，理解这些取舍至关重要。特朗普已表示，他将对加拿大和墨西哥所有输美商品加征25%的关税，对中国商品征收额外10%的关税。但实施将是关键。

The key lies in modern supply chains. Today’s factories rely heavily on imported components. Indeed, nearly 20 per cent of US imports are so-called intermediate inputs used by domestic producers to make other goods. Trump’s 2018 tariffs applied primarily to these intermediate goods. This transforms how tariffs affect jobs. Rather than a simple trade-off between protected workers and hurt consumers, the effects ripple through manufacturing.

关键在于现代供应链。当今的工厂严重依赖进口组件。事实上，美国近20%的进口产品是所谓的中间投入品，被国内生产企业用来生产其他产品。特朗普在2018年实施的关税主要适用于这些中间产品。这改变了关税对就业的影响方式。它不再关乎在保护工人与伤害消费者之间进行简单的取舍，而是产生波及整个制造业的涟漪效应。

——本文2024年11月27日发布于FT中文网，英文原题为 How Trump should impose tariffs

Russia has expelled another British diplomat after its FSB security service accused a Moscow embassy employee of providing false information when applying for diplomatic accreditation, claiming it had seen “signs of intelligence and subversive work”.

俄罗斯又驱逐了一名英国外交官， 此前俄联邦安全局(FSB)安全部门指控一名驻莫斯科使馆雇员在申请外交认证时提供虚假信息，声称看到了“从事情报和颠覆工作的迹象”。

The announcement on Tuesday is the latest in a long list of expulsions of embassy staff by the UK and Russia in recent years. 

周二的声明是英国和俄罗斯近年来互相驱逐大使馆工作人员的一长串名单中的最新一项。

Relations between both sides have deteriorated over Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, London’s support for Kyiv and a string of incidents such as the use by Russian agents of the novichok nerve agent in an assassination attempt on British soil. 

双方关系因乌克兰战争、伦敦支持基辅以及俄罗斯特工使用诺维乔克神经毒剂企图在英国本土实施暗杀等一系列事件而恶化。

——本文2024年11月27日发布于FT中文网，英文原题为 Russia expels British diplomat over spying claims

Starbucks’ determination to capture the attention of the Chinese consumer extended to offering a pork-flavoured latte in the country earlier this year. The limited edition drink is made of espresso, steamed milk and Dongpo braised pork flavour sauce topped with extra sauce and pork meat as garnish. Such product “innovation”, however, hasn’t cut it: operating in the country is no easy task, particularly given fierce local competition.

今年早些时候，星巴克(Starbucks)在中国推出了一款猪肉口味的拿铁，可见其想要吸引中国消费者注意力的决心已经到了什么程度。这款限定版饮品由浓缩咖啡、蒸煮后的牛奶以及东坡红烧肉风味酱制成，最上面又添加了同种肉酱和猪肉脯作为装饰。但这样的产品“创新”没能成气候：在中国经营不是一件容易的事，特别是考虑到竞争激烈这一点。

Starbucks had almost 7,600 outlets in China as of late September and the country accounts for about a fifth of the group’s global total. It is still expanding in China, increasing the number of its stores by more than a tenth in the latest financial year. Starbucks had a 14 per cent market share of China’s café market in 2022, according to the most recent available data.

截至9月底，星巴克在中国有近7600家店；中国市场约占该集团全球总营收的五分之一。星巴克仍在中国扩张，在最近的财年其中国门店数量增加了十分之一以上。根据可获得的最近数据，2022年星巴克在中国咖啡市场占据14%的份额。

That makes it an attractive target for Chinese groups, including domestic coffee chains. Starbucks, which is reported to be exploring options for its Chinese operations — including the possibility of selling a stake in the business — would also benefit from a helping hand from a local partner.

这使得星巴克在中国企业——包括本土咖啡连锁品牌——眼里成为一个有吸引力的目标。据报道，星巴克正在研究其中国业务的各种选择，包括出售股权的可能性。如果有一家本土合作伙伴能助其一臂之力，对星巴克也将是有利的。

——本文2024年11月27日发布于FT中文网，英文原题为 Starbucks has been outclassed by local rivals in China

Ministers’ refusal to fund significantly more criminal court sitting days has exacerbated pressure on the justice system, England’s most senior judge warned on Tuesday. 

这名英国最高法官周二警告称，部长们拒绝为大幅增加的刑事法庭开庭日提供资金，这加剧了司法系统的压力。

Dame Sue Carr, lady chief justice, said a budget-driven decision to prevent the crown courts, which hear the most serious cases, from operating at full capacity has had a “drastic effect” in worsening backlogs.

首席大法官苏•卡尔(Sue Carr)女士表示，由于预算驱动的决定，阻止审理最严重案件的刑事法院全力运作，这对积压案件的恶化产生了“严重影响”。

“It’s a very distressing situation,” Carr told MPs on the House of Commons justice committee, pointing to the effect on people caught up in the criminal justice system. 

“这是一个非常令人痛心的局面，”卡尔在英国下议院(House of Commons)司法委员会上对议员们说，并指出这对卷入刑事司法系统的人们的影响。

——本文2024年11月27日发布于FT中文网，英文原题为 England’s top judge hits out at government’s refusal to boost court funding