端砚 | 非物质文化遗产

清代计楠《石隐砚谈》中记载“东坡云，端溪石，始于唐武德之世”，明确指出端砚起源于唐武德年间。此外，唐代李肇《国史补》中“内丘白瓷瓯，端州紫石砚，天下无贵贱通用之”以及李贺《杨生青花紫石砚歌》中“端州石工巧如神，踏天磨刀割紫云”等记载，都表明在唐代端砚已广泛流行。

In the Qing Dynasty Ji Nan's "Shiyin Yan Talk", it was recorded that "Dongpo Cloud, Duanxi Stone, began in the life of Tang Wude", which pointed out that Duan Yan originated in the Tang Wude period. In addition, in Li Zhao's "Supplement to the History of the Kingdom" in the Tang Dynasty, "Neiqiu white porcelain Ou, Duanzhou purple stone inkstone, the world has no noble and lowly universal use" and Li He's "Yang Sheng Blue and White Purple Stone Yan Song" in the "Duanzhou masonry is as skillful as a god, stepping on the sky to sharpen the knife to cut the purple cloud" and other records, all show that in the Tang Dynasty Duan inkstone has been widely popular.

选料

• 从采出的石料中挑选质地细腻、温润、纹理优美且无瑕疵的部分，根据形状、大小和石品花纹规划用途，判断适合制作何种规格与样式的端砚。

Material selection

• Select the part with fine texture, warmth, beautiful texture and no flaws from the quarried stone, and judge what kind of specification and style of inkstone is suitable for making according to the shape, size and stone pattern planning use.

设计

• 依据石料特点和用途构思造型与图案，注重依石构图、因材施艺，如利用石眼、石皮设计成独特的图案，使作品自然巧妙。

devise

• According to the characteristics and use of the stone to conceive the shape and pattern, pay attention to the stone composition, according to the aptitude of the art, such as the use of stone eyes, stone skin design into a unique pattern, so that the work is natural and ingenious.

雕刻

• 是端砚制作关键工序，包括凿粗坯、细刻和精雕。凿粗坯时用凿子等工具去除多余部分，初步呈现轮廓；细刻则进一步雕琢细节，如刻画线条、图案等；精雕对重点部位深度加工，使形象栩栩如生。

carve

• It is the key process of making an inkstone, including rough chiseling, fine carving and fine carving. When chiseling the rough blank, use a chisel and other tools to remove the excess part, and the outline is initially presented; Fine carving further carves details, such as depicting lines, patterns, etc.; The key parts are deeply processed to make the image lifelike.

打磨

• 先使用粗砂纸磨去表面毛刺和刀痕，再依次换用较细的砂纸打磨，使砚台手感光滑、纹理清晰，最后用抛光机或手工抛光，让砚台表面有光泽。

burnish

• Use coarse sandpaper to polish off the surface burrs and knife marks, then change to thinner sandpaper to make the inkstone feel smooth and clear, and finally polish it with a polisher or hand to make the surface of the inkstone shiny.

配盒

• 依据端砚形状、大小制作木盒，一般选红木、紫檀等木材，经切割、雕刻、打磨等工序，使砚盒精致美观，有保护和装饰作用。

Comes in a box

• Make wooden boxes according to the shape and size of the inkstone, generally select mahogany, red sandalwood and other woods, and make the inkstone box exquisite, with protection and decoration after cutting, carving, polishing and other processes.

上蜡

• 给端砚上蜡可保护石质，增强光泽。通常将蜡加热融化，均匀涂抹在砚台表面，再用软布擦拭，使蜡层均匀、薄厚适中。

waxing

• Waxing the inkstone protects the stone and enhances its luster. Usually, the wax is heated and melted, evenly applied to the surface of the inkstone, and then wiped with a soft cloth to make the wax layer uniform and moderately thin.

端砚是中华文化的象征，承载文人墨客情思，众多诗词画作与之相关，如李贺笔下“端州石工巧如神，踏天磨刀割紫云”，为文化传承提供实物见证。

Duanyan is a symbol of Chinese culture, carrying the feelings of literati and inkmen, and many poems and paintings are related to it, such as Li He's pen "Duanzhou masonry is as skillful as a god, stepping on the sky to sharpen the knife and cutting the purple cloud", providing physical witness for cultural inheritance.

借助现代科技手段，工匠们开始探索数字化设计与无人机技术，甚至可以通过网络直播吸引消费者的注意力，打破地域限制，实现线上线下的融合发展。

With the help of modern technology, craftsmen have begun to explore digital design and drone technology, and can even attract consumers' attention through live webcasts, breaking geographical restrictions and realizing the integrated development of online and offline.