潍坊风筝
Weifang Kite
潍坊是世界风筝的发源地，潍坊又称潍都、鸢都，制作风筝历史悠久，工艺精湛。潍坊风筝是山东潍坊传统手工艺珍品，民间传统节日文化习俗，是非物质文化遗产之一。现在世界上70%以上的风筝都是出口自潍坊。潍坊古称潍县，历史悠久文化灿烂，传统手工业发达，文化积淀深厚。潍水文化既是齐鲁文化的重要组成部分，又有自己的特色，早在明清两代就以“二百支红炉、三千砸铜匠、九千绣花女、十万织布机”名扬天下，素有“南苏州北潍县”的美誉。2006年5月，潍坊风筝被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。“国际风筝联合会”的会议总部也设定在了潍坊。潍坊成为世界风筝文化交流的中心，被世界各国人民称为风筝的故乡。
Weifang is the birthplace of kites in the world, also known as Weidu or Yuandu. It has a long history of kite making and exquisite craftsmanship. Weifang kites are precious traditional handicrafts and folk festival cultural customs in Weifang, Shandong, and are one of the intangible cultural heritages. More than 70% of kites in the world are exported from Weifang now. Weifang, formerly known as Weixian, has a long history and splendid culture. Its traditional handicraft industry is well-developed and its cultural heritage is profound. Weishui culture is not only an important part of Qilu culture but also has its characteristics. As early as the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was famous for "two hundred red stoves, three thousand coppersmiths, nine thousand embroidered women, and one hundred thousand weaving machines" and is known as the "southern Suzhou and northern Weixian". In May 2006, Weifang kites were included in the first national intangible cultural heritage list batch. The conference headquarters of the International Kite Federation is also located in Weifang. Weifang has become the centre of kite culture exchange in the world and is called the hometown of kites by people all over the world.
01
历史起源
风筝，古称“鸢”，潍坊又称潍都，鸢都，由此得名，可见潍坊制作风筝历史的悠久。用竹子扎制骨架，高档丝绢蒙面，手工绘画。工艺与美术的结合，体现了风筝的玩赏价值，随着国际风筝交流的逐渐频繁，风筝这一古老的民间艺术，在新形势下蓬勃发展，已经成为一种重要的艺术品。
Kite, formerly known as "Yuan", Weifang is also known as Weidu, Yuandu, hence the name, indicating the long history of kite making in Weifang. Using bamboo to tie the skeleton, covering it with high-quality silk, and painting it by hand. The combination of craftsmanship and art reflects the appreciation value of kites. With the increasing frequency of international kite exchanges, kites, an ancient folk art, have flourished in the new situation and have become an important work of art.
潍坊风筝其种类有硬翅风筝、软翅风筝、串式风筝、板式风筝、立体风筝、动态风筝等。它不仅被广泛用于放飞、比赛、娱乐，而且已经成为美化人们生活的时尚装饰品。风筝是潍坊的象征，每年的风筝节是潍坊以风筝拉动经济发展的一个活动。潍坊风筝经过历史演变和横向传播，逐渐形成了选材讲究、造型优美、扎糊精巧、形象生动、绘画艳丽、起飞灵活的传统风格与艺术特色。
There are various types of kites in Weifang, including hard-winged kites, soft-winged kites, string kites, board kites, three-dimensional kites, dynamic kites, etc. It is not only widely used for flying, competitions, and entertainment, but has also become a fashionable decoration to beautify people's lives. Kite is a symbol of Weifang, and the annual Kite Festival is an activity in Weifang that uses kites to drive economic development. Through historical evolution and horizontal dissemination, Weifang kites have gradually formed a traditional style and artistic feature characterized by an exquisite selection of materials, beautiful shapes, exquisite binding, vivid images, vivid paintings, and flexible takeoff.
潍坊被各国推崇为“世界风筝之都”，国际风筝联合会的总部就设在潍坊风筝博物馆。潍坊也是中国的风筝之乡，制作历史悠久，属中国三大风筝派系之一，与京、津风筝齐名鼎立，享誉中外。潍坊风筝题材多样，具有独特的艺术特色和民间生活气息。每年4月20日至25日举行的潍坊国际风筝节，都有来自世界各地30多个国家和地区的代表团参赛。
Weifang is highly regarded as the "World Kite Capital" by various countries, and the headquarters of the International Kite Federation is located in the Weifang Kite Museum. Weifang is also the hometown of kites in China, with a long history of production. It belongs to one of the three major kite schools in China and is equally famous as Beijing and Tianjin kites, renowned both at home and abroad. Weifang kites have diverse themes, unique artistic features, and a folk-life atmosphere. The Weifang International Kite Festival, held annually from April 20th to 25th, attracts delegations from over 30 countries and regions around the world.
潍坊国际风筝会是中国最早冠以“国际”，并有众多海外人士参与的大型地方节会。自1984年起至2016年已成功举办33届。其创立的“风筝牵线、文体搭台、经贸唱戏”的模式，被全国各地广为借鉴。国际风筝会的举办，让世界了解了潍坊，也使潍坊更快地走向了世界，极大地促进了潍坊经济和旅游业的发展。
The Weifang International Kite Festival is one of the earliest large-scale local festivals in China to be labelled as "international" and has attracted the participation of many overseas visitors. 33 sessions have been successfully held from 1984 to 2016. The model of "kite string tying, cultural and sports stage setting, and economic and trade opera singing" established by it has been widely referenced throughout the country. The hosting of the International Kite Festival has allowed the world to understand Weifang and has also enabled Weifang to quickly enter the world, greatly promoting the development of Weifang's economy and tourism industry.
02
文化特征
潍坊制作风筝历史悠久，工艺精湛潍坊风筝同中国许多民间艺术形式一样，产生于人们的娱乐活动，是寄托着人们的理想和愿望，与人们的生活有密切联系的娱乐品。
潍坊风筝的造型模仿的自然事物、社会生活以及神话传说中的形象，都寄托着“吉祥”和“吉庆”，兴趣和理想。那绚丽多彩的颜色，与其说是所模仿事物的标志，毋宁说是人们对美好生活的向往。
Weifang has a long history of kite making and exquisite craftsmanship. Like many folk art forms in China, Weifang kites originated from people's entertainment activities and are entertainment products that embody people's ideals and wishes, and are closely related to people's lives.
The shape of Weifang kites imitates natural objects, social life, and mythological images, all of which embody "auspiciousness" and "celebration", interests, and ideals. That vibrant and colourful colour is not so much a symbol of the things being imitated, but rather a longing for a better life among people.
伴随着风筝的兴盛，潍坊风筝又成为人们经济生活中的家庭成员，以商品的形式进入流通，糊制风筝成为一种职业，是一种重要生计。据史料记载，早在清代，潍县城里的风筝作坊和店铺就有30余家，清明时节在老潍县（潍坊市中心）白浪河集市上的城派风筝店铺有数十户，外地客商在这里络绎不绝，生意十分兴隆。清道光年间潍县的金石学家兼诗人郭麟在《潍县竹枝词》中说：“一百四日小寒食，冶游争上白浪河，纸鸢儿子秋千女，乱草新来春燕多。”这是对寒食节潍县人在白浪河踏青的嬉戏场景。每逢清明，白浪河正值枯水期，宽阔的河道为人们提供了一片广阔的放飞天地。
With the prosperity of kites, Weifang kites have become family members in people's economic lives, entering circulation in the form of commodities. Making kites has become a profession and an important livelihood. According to historical records, as early as the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 30 kite workshops and shops in the city of Weixian. During the Qingming Festival, there were dozens of city-style kite shops at the Bailanghe Market in Laowei County (the centre of Weifang City). Foreign merchants flocked here, and business was very prosperous. During the reign of Emperor Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, Guo Lin, an epigrapher and poet from Weixian County, wrote in his poem "Weixian Bamboo Branch Poetry": "On the 14th day of the Little Cold Food Festival, Ye You competed for the White Wave River, and the son of the paper kite, the swing girl, and the new spring swallows came from the chaotic grass." This is a scene of Wei County people frolicking on the White Wave River during the Cold Food Festival. During the Qingming Festival, the Bailang River is in its dry season, and the wide river provides a vast space for people to fly.
03
制作工序
风筝制作四艺，即扎、糊、绘、放，是中国风筝制作技艺的精髓。扎指扎制风筝的骨架，要求结构对称、稳固耐用；糊是将纸或绢等材料精心裁剪后糊于骨架之上，确保风筝表面平整、不透风；绘是在风筝表面绘制丰富多彩的图案和色彩，体现民间艺术的独特魅力；放则是将风筝放飞于蓝天之中，享受风筝翱翔天际的乐趣。这四项技艺相辅相成，共同构成了风筝这一传统手工艺品的独特魅力。
The four skills of kite making, namely tying, pasting, painting, and flying, are the essence of Chinese kite-making techniques. The skeleton of a kite made by tying fingers requires a symmetrical, stable, and durable structure; Paste is a carefully cut material such as paper or silk that is pasted onto the skeleton to ensure that the surface of the kite is flat and airtight; Painting is to draw rich and colourful patterns and colours on the surface of kites, reflecting the unique charm of folk art; To fly is to fly a kite into the blue sky and enjoy the pleasure of flying it in the sky. These four skills complement each other and together constitute the unique charm of kite, a traditional handicraft.
具体来说，扎包括设计、选材及后续的绑扎等细致工艺；糊则涉及选材、裁剪、糊裱等步骤，要求整体平整干净；绘要求色彩鲜艳、对比强烈，需经过底稿、上色、修饰等多道工序；放则讲究根据风力调整提线角度，需掌握一定的放飞技巧。风筝四艺不仅是对风筝制作流程的高度概括，也体现了中国传统文化的深厚底蕴和艺术价值。
Specifically, tying involves meticulous processes such as design, material selection, and subsequent tying; Pasting involves steps such as material selection, cutting, and laminating, requiring a smooth and clean overall surface; Painting requires bright colours and strong contrast, and requires multiple processes such as drafting, colouring, and decoration; When releasing, it is important to adjust the lifting angle according to the wind force and master certain flying techniques. The Four Arts of Kite Making not only summarizes the kite-making process but also reflects the profound cultural heritage and artistic value of traditional Chinese culture.
04
传承保护
张效东，作为全国唯一一位潍坊风筝国家级非遗传承人，他从8岁起跟随祖父学习扎风筝，60余年的扎风筝经验让中国风筝在国际上得到了认可。他的作品包括长达2000米的“龙头蜈蚣”和80平方米的童子抱鱼年画风筝等。
Zhang Xiaodong, as the only national intangible cultural heritage inheritor of Weifang kites in China, has been learning kite making from his grandfather since the age of 8. With over 60 years of kite-making experience, Chinese kites have gained international recognition. His works include a 2000-meter-long "Dragon Head Centipede" and an 80-square-meter kite depicting a child holding a fish during the New Year.
2019年11月，《国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目保护单位名单》公布，潍坊市寒亭区文化馆获得“潍坊风筝”项目保护单位资格。
In November 2019, the "List of Representative National Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Units" was announced, and the Hanting District Cultural Center in Weifang City obtained the qualification of the "Weifang Kite" project protection unit.
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