Movable type printing
非遗的故事
Intangible cultural heritage
古老／精巧／智慧
活 字 印 刷
Movable type printing
宋人毕昇君，巧妙绝伦径。
泥字兴国寒门福，千载书传鼎。
Song people Bi Shengjun, are ingenious and exquisite.
The mud word rejuvenates the country and the cold door is blessed, and the book is passed on for thousands of years.
在人类文明的浩瀚长河中，有一项伟大的发明如璀璨星辰般闪耀，那便是活字印刷术。它诞生于古老的东方，却以其无穷的力量改变了整个世界的知识传播格局。
Movable type printing
历史起源
historical origin
活字印刷术是一种革命性的印刷技术，它起源于中国北宋时期，由毕昇（约970-1051年）发明。这项技术的核心在于使用可移动的单个字符（活字）来组成文本，这些活字可以反复使用，极大地提高了印刷效率和书籍的生产速度。
Movable type printing is a revolutionary printing technique that originated in the Northern Song Dynasty in China and was invented by Bi Sheng (c. 970-1051). At the heart of this technology is the use of movable individual characters (movable type) to compose text, which can be used over and over again, greatly improving printing efficiency and the speed of book production.
活字印刷术的发明标志着印刷史上的一个重大突破。在此之前，书籍的复制主要依赖于手工抄写，这是一个耗时且成本高昂的过程。毕昇的发明使得书籍的生产变得更加快速和经济，从而促进了知识的传播和文化的发展
The invention of movable type printing marked a breakthrough in the history of printing. Before this, the reproduction of books relied mainly on manual transcription, which was a time-consuming and costly process. Bi Sheng's invention made the production of books faster and more economical, thus promoting the dissemination of knowledge and the development of culture.
技术原理
Technical principle
Movable type printing
Intangible cultural heritage
古老／精巧／智慧
活字印刷
活字印刷术的基本步骤包括制作活字、排版、上墨、印刷和拆版。首先，将文字雕刻在小块的金属或木材上，形成单个的活字。然后，这些活字按照文本的顺序排列在印刷盘上。接着，活字上涂抹墨水，覆盖上纸张，通过压力将墨水转印到纸上。印刷完成后，活字可以拆下并重新排列，用于印刷其他文本。
The basic steps of movable type printing include making movable type, typesetting, inking, printing, and dismantling. First, the text is carved onto small pieces of metal or wood to form individual movable types. The movable type is then arranged on the printing plate in the order of the text. Next, the movable type is coated with ink, and covered with paper, and the ink is transferred to the paper by pressure. Once printed, movable type can be removed and rearranged for use in printing other texts.
Intangible cultural heritage
制作工序
Production process
首先是制作活字。一般用胶泥、木头或者金属（如铜）来制作。以胶泥为例，先把胶泥制成一个个小方块，在上面刻反写的单字，阴干后放入窑内烧硬。
The first is to make a movable type. It is usually made of cement, wood or metal (such as copper). Taking the cement as an example, the cement is first made into small squares, and the words written backwards are engraved on it, and then put into the kiln to burn hard.
接着是排版。在一块铁板上放置松香、蜡、纸灰等混合成的黏合剂，然后将活字按内容依次排列在铁板上，排满一版后用火烘烤铁板，使黏合剂熔化，活字就固定好了。
Then there's typography. A binder made of rosin, wax, paper ash, etc., is placed on an iron plate, and then the movable type is arranged on the iron plate in turn according to the content, and the iron plate is baked with fire after a full plate, so that the adhesive is melted, and the movable type is fixed.
之后是印刷。用墨刷在活字版上涂墨，再铺上纸张，用干净的刷子在纸上轻轻刷动，使字迹印在纸上。
After that came printing. Ink the movable type plate with an ink brush, then lay the paper, and gently brush the paper with a clean brush to make the handwriting printed on the paper.
最后是活字的回收。印刷完成后，再用火烘烤铁板，使黏合剂熔化，就可以把活字取下，存放好以便下次排版使用。
Finally, there is the recycling of movable type. After the printing is completed, the iron plate is baked with fire to melt the adhesive, and the movable type can be removed and stored for the next typesetting.
传承影响
Inheritance value
Movable type printing
Intangible cultural heritage
古老／精巧／智慧
活字印刷
在历史的长河中活字印刷术使得大量的古代典籍、史书、文学作品等得以印刷保存和流传至今，如《资治通鉴》《永乐大典》等，为后人研究历史、文化、学术等提供了丰富而准确的资料。
In the long river of history, movable type printing has enabled a large number of ancient classics, historical books, and literary works to be printed and preserved and circulated to this day, such as "Zizhi Tongjian" and "Yongle Grand Canon", etc., which provide rich and accurate information for future generations to study history, culture, and academics.
活字印刷术传入世界各地后，打破了社会对知识的垄断，使得不同地区、不同文化背景的思想和知识得以通过书籍广泛传播，促进了文化的交流与融合，推动了文化传播和宗教改革的发展。
After the introduction of movable type printing to all parts of the world, it broke the monopoly of society on knowledge, so that the ideas and knowledge of different regions and different cultural backgrounds could be widely disseminated through books, which promoted cultural exchanges and integration, and promoted the development of cultural dissemination and religious reform.
Intangible cultural heritage
传承现状
Significance
活字印刷技艺复杂，学习周期长、难度大，且经济效益不高，导致愿意学习和传承的年轻人较少。如福建宁化在二十世纪八九十年代有上百名木活字印刷技师，如今坚守的技师已不多。
Movable type printing skills are complex, the learning cycle is long, the difficulty is high, and the economic benefits are not high, resulting in fewer young people who are willing to learn and inherit. For example, in Ninghua, Fujian Province, there were hundreds of wooden movable type printing technicians in the eighties and nineties of the twentieth century, but there are not many technicians who stick to it today.
2010年，中国活字印刷术被联合国教科文组织列入急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录，这使得活字印刷术受到了更多的关注和保护。各地积极开展相关的保护和传承工作，如福建宁化木活字印刷术在2011年被列入福建省非物质文化遗产名录后，当地设立了中国印刷博物馆福建印刷文化保护基地和宁化分馆，为传承提供了更好的条件。
In 2010, Chinese movable type printing was included in the list of intangible cultural heritage in urgent need of protection by UNESCO, which has led to more attention and protection of movable type printing. For example, after Fujian Ninghua wood movable type printing was included in the list of intangible cultural heritage of Fujian Province in 2011, the Fujian Printing Museum Fujian Printing Culture Protection Base and Ninghua Branch Library were set up locally, providing better conditions for inheritance.
意义
Significance
Intangible cultural heritage
活字印刷是文化传承的重要载体。它使得古籍经典能够大量复制保存，像中国的经史子集等诸多文献，通过活字印刷跨越时间流传，让后人能够领略古人智慧和历史风貌，保证文化根脉不断。
Movable type printing is an important carrier of cultural inheritance. It enables a large number of ancient books and classics to be copied and preserved, such as the subset of China's classics and history, and many other documents, which are circulated across time through movable type printing, so that future generations can appreciate the wisdom and historical features of the ancients, and ensure that the cultural roots are continuous.
它还蕴含着古人精湛的工艺审美。无论是活字的雕刻，还是排版的布局，都有着独特的艺术美感，是传统工艺美学的体现。
It also contains the exquisite craftsmanship and aesthetics of the ancients. Whether it is the engraving of movable type or the layout of typography, it has a unique artistic beauty and is the embodiment of traditional craft aesthetics.
活字印刷的传承，绝非仅仅是对一门古老技艺的延续，它是在守护人类文明的火种，是跨越时空的智慧接力。每一个活字，都承载着先辈们对知识传播的渴望与执着，在岁月长河中传递着文化的温度。传承活字印刷，是在捍卫文化的多样性与独特性，使其不被工业化浪潮所吞噬，让我们在数字化的快节奏时代，仍能触摸到历史的纹理，感受手工技艺的质朴与深沉，它是我们与根脉相连的脐带，为民族精神的凝聚注入源源不断的力量，激励我们在现代文明的征程中不忘来路，创造新的辉煌篇章，向世界彰显文化传承的坚韧与伟大。
The inheritance of movable type printing is not only a continuation of an ancient skill, it is the fire that guards human civilization and the relay of wisdom across time and space. Each movable type carries the desire and persistence of the ancestors for the dissemination of knowledge and conveys the temperature of culture in the long river of time. The inheritance of movable type printing is to defend the diversity and uniqueness of culture so that it will not be swallowed up by the wave of industrialization so that we can still touch the texture of history in the fast-paced era of digitalization, feel the simplicity and depth of handicrafts, it is the umbilical cord connected to our roots, inject a steady stream of strength into the cohesion of the national spirit, inspire us in the journey of modern civilization not to forget the way we came, create a new glorious chapter, and show the tenacity and greatness of cultural inheritance to the world.
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审核Reviewer | Eve
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