惠安石雕
Huian Stone Carving
惠安石雕，福建省惠安县地方传统美术，国家级非物质文化遗产之一。早在1600多年前的晋朝，惠安石雕作为永久性的艺术已被应用。建国后，惠安石雕工艺精益求精、日臻完善。惠安石雕早期主要服务于宗教，具有浓厚的宗教色彩。主要体现在宫观寺庙的建筑设计、雕刻安装，寺内外塔、亭、柱、栏等的建造雕刻，以及对神佛造像出神入化的雕刻上。惠安石雕历经一千多年的繁衍发展，仍然保留着非常纯粹的中国艺术传统，保持着很完整的延续性，至今未被西方外来文化所异化，具有强烈的民族性。
Huian Stone Carving, a local traditional art in Huian County, Fujian Province, is one of the national intangible cultural heritages. As early as the Jin Dynasty more than 1600 years ago, Huian stone carving had been applied as a permanent art form. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Huian's stone carving craftsmanship has been constantly improving and perfected. In the early days, Huian stone carving mainly served religion and had a strong religious color. This is mainly reflected in the architectural design, carving and installation of palaces and temples, the construction and carving of towers, pavilions, columns, railings, etc., inside and outside the temple, as well as the exquisite carving of statues of gods and Buddhas. After more than a thousand years of reproduction and development, Huian stone carving still retains a very pure Chinese artistic tradition, maintains a complete continuity, and has not been alienated by Western foreign cultures to this day, possessing strong national characteristics.
01
历史起源
惠安石雕的技艺一传入就有相当高的水平。现存惠安境内最早的石雕作品是唐末威武节度使王潮墓的文官、武士、虎、马、羊等园雕和莲花浮雕，宋代雕就，距今已有1100多年，其工艺已达到相当高的水平。宋代的洛阳桥遗存的石将军、桥墩石塔的佛像雕刻、中亭的题词沉雕，无论采石、石雕都说明其时的技术水平很高，而洛阳桥修建的领导者蔡襄其母亲为惠安人卢氏。
The art of Huian stone carving has reached a considerable level since its introduction. The earliest existing stone carvings in Huian are the garden carvings of civil officials, warriors, tigers, horses, sheep, and lotus reliefs from the tomb of Wang Chao, the military governor of Wei Wu in the late Tang Dynasty. They were carved during the Song Dynasty and have been around for over 1100 years. Their craftsmanship has reached a considerable level. The stone generals, Buddha statues carved on the bridge piers and pagodas, and inscriptions carved on the central pavilion of Luoyang Bridge in the Song Dynasty all indicate a high level of technical expertise at that time, whether it is quarrying or carving. Cai Xiang, the leader of the construction of Luoyang Bridge, had a mother named Lu from Huian.
追溯历史，惠安雕艺来源于“青山王”张悃（五代闽将），率兵驻扎青山（惠安县城东三十华里），镇守边陲，其部下（大多数从中原带来），把中原的先进生产技术包括石雕带来并不断发展壮大。史料记载，张悃部下先是在青山一带传授石雕特艺，后来向崇武惠安全境不断扩大传授的范围。
During the Tang and Five Dynasties periods, the rise of large-scale traditional residential buildings in the style of palaces in southern Fujian led to the widespread use of Huian wood carvings based on this architecture. Meanwhile, since the Tang Dynasty, Quanzhou has been known as the Linhai Buddhist Kingdom. For a considerable period, religious sculpture has been the main content of sculpture art, complementing and spreading architectural sculpture.
洛阳桥是距青山十五华里的一座由石条叠成桥墩用海砺作固定物长达3华里的跨海大桥，桥面有条有些长达3丈重达10吨。在当时没有大型机械设备的情况下，充分利用海水的潮汐，石条放在船上，涨潮时使得桥墩固定，待退潮时；船体下降，石条放置于二桥墩中，作为桥面。而石料也是在惠安境内开采的。如此巨大的工程，必需依靠惠安工匠参加。就是泉州东西塔的石料经考证也是惠安境内开采运去的，其众多圆雕和浮雕神佛像离不开惠安工匠的雕刻。
Luoyang Bridge is a cross-sea bridge located 15 miles away from Qing Shan, with stone pillars stacked together and fixed with sea stones for a length of 3 miles. The bridge deck has some bridges that are 3 zhang long and weigh 10 tons. In the absence of large mechanical equipment at that time, the tide of seawater was fully utilized, and stone bars were placed on the ship to fix the bridge piers during high tide and wait for low tide; The ship descends and the stone bars are placed in the second bridge pier as the bridge deck. The stone is also mined within the territory of Huian. Such a huge project requires the participation of Huian craftsmen. It has been verified that the stone materials for the East-West Pagoda in Quanzhou were also extracted and transported from within the territory of Huian. The numerous round carvings and relief statues of gods and Buddha cannot be separated from the carvings of Huian craftsmen.
明朝时，惠安考上进士在朝廷为官的人较多，各种牌坊、墓区的石雕产品更多。兴建于明初的崇武古城是用石头砌就的石城，这类遗物有张岳墓的将军、马、虎、羊，崇武城隍庙的石狮等等，这些都标志了当时较高的石雕工艺水平。但明代的崇武古城一度被毁，现有的石城是清时重修的。
In the Ming Dynasty, Hui'an was admitted as a Jinshi, and more people were serving as officials in the imperial court, and there were more stone carvings in various memorial archway and tomb areas. Chongwu Ancient City, built in the early Ming Dynasty, is a stone city. Such relics include the general, horse, tiger and sheep in Zhang Yue's tomb and the stone lion in Chongwu Chenghuang Temple, which all marked the high level of stone carving technology at that time. However, the ancient city of Chongwu in the Ming Dynasty was once destroyed, and the existing stone city was rebuilt during the Qing Dynasty.
02
文化特征
在最早期，惠安石雕的根本宗旨主要是宗教功能，它本身就有着十分浓厚的宗教色彩，具体体现在宫观寺庙的设计、雕刻和安装，特别是寺院内的塔、亭、柱、栏等的纹饰雕刻，对于神佛的雕刻达到了出神入化的程度。
In the early days, the fundamental purpose of Huian stone carving was mainly religious function, and it had a strong religious color, which was reflected in the design, carving, and installation of palaces, temples, especially the decorative carving of towers, pavilions, columns, railings, etc. in the temples, achieving a degree of transcendence in the carving of gods and Buddhas.
惠安石雕在艺术风格上独树一帜，不可替代，有着形神兼备的特质，在造型上体现出让人惊叹的气势和动感，特别是很多摆件，其动态美和神态美让人叹为观止，艺术特征十分显著，更加突出纤巧、流丽、繁缛、精细、神奇，在细节方面十分生动、形象，富有赏心悦目的艺术效果。
Huian stone carving is unique and irreplaceable in its artistic style, with the characteristics of both form and spirit. It embodies stunning momentum and dynamism in its form, especially in many ornaments, whose dynamic beauty and facial expressions are breathtaking. Its artistic features are very prominent, highlighting delicacy, flowing beauty, complexity, delicacy, and magic. In terms of details, it is very vivid, with a pleasing artistic effect.
03
制作工序
现代惠安石雕创作手法十分复杂，有着多种表现方法，圆、浮、透、线、沉、影等多种雕法并存，大者雄伟壮观，小者精微细巧，特别是笔者擅长的木化石摆件设计，创作题材广泛，人物、动物、故事、场景，或情景交融，或针砭时弊，体现了“自然与理性结合之美”。除了单纯的艺术享受，作品还体现出了人文关怀和对社会现象的思考。
The creative techniques of modern Huian stone carving are very complex, with multiple expression methods such as circles, floating, transparency, line, sinking, and shadows coexisting. The larger ones are majestic and spectacular, while the smaller ones are exquisite and delicate. The author is especially skilled in the design of wooden fossil ornaments, with a wide range of creative themes, such as characters, animals, stories, scenes, or the integration of emotions and scenes, or the criticism of current problems, reflecting the beauty of the combination of nature and reason. In addition to pure artistic enjoyment, the work also reflects humanistic care and reflection on social phenomena.
惠安石雕使用的石材主要为花岗岩。花岗岩化学性质稳定，耐腐蚀，历千年而不腐、不蛀、不变。结晶颗粒比较均匀，石质坚硬，能制成各种精美的艺术品。最优质的石料称“峰白”。产自本地的有玉昌湖青、峰白、笔山白、古山白、泉州白等，还有福建省的连江青、南平青、九龙壁玉石和省外的山西黑、黑龙江（101）和（172）、湖北圭山石等，可根据客户需求从世界20多个国家和地区以及全国各地采购3000多种石材原料。
The stone used in Huian stone carving is mainly granite. Granite has stable chemical properties, is corrosion-resistant, and has not decayed, decayed or decayed for thousands of years, remaining unchanged. The crystal particles are relatively uniform, and the stone is hard and can be made into various exquisite artworks. The highest quality stone is called "Peak White". Locally produced stones include Yuchanghu Qing, Fengbai, Bishanbai, Gushanbai, Quanzhou Bai, as well as Lianjiang Qing, Nanping Qing, and Jiulongbi jade from Fujian Province, and Shanxi Black, Heilongjiang (101) and (172), and Hubei Guishan stone from outside the province. We can purchase over 3000 types of raw stone materials from more than 20 countries and regions around the world and from all over the country according to customer needs.
04
传承保护
惠安石雕艺术源于黄河流域的中原文化，又融汇汲取闽越文化、海洋文化的技艺精华，并与建筑艺术完美结合、相生相伴，在不同的历史时期留下了蕴涵特定历史信息、题材丰富、雕艺精湛、异彩纷呈的作品，经上千年的文化积淀，从单纯的手工技艺上升为一种独具特色的石文化，充分展现了勤劳智慧、善良朴实的惠安劳动人民的聪明才智和无穷的创造力，具有较高的历史、文化、科学研究价值。
Hui'an stone carving art originates from the Central Plains culture in the Yellow River basin and absorbs the essence of Fujian and Vietnam culture and marine culture. It is perfectly combined with architectural art and accompanies each other. In different historical periods, Hui'an stone carving art has left works containing specific historical information, rich themes, exquisite carving art, and colorful works. After thousands of years of cultural accumulation, it has risen from simple handicrafts to a unique stone culture, fully demonstrating the intelligence and infinite creativity of the hardworking, intelligent, kind and simple Hui'an working people, and has high historical, cultural, and scientific research value.
老一代惠安石雕艺人已逐渐退休，同时随着科技的进步，珍贵的传统手工雕刻技艺正日渐为机械化所取代。传统的技艺是在师徒间或家族中以口传心授方式承传的，多处于封闭状态，现代工厂内的学徒很难真正学到传统石雕工艺的精髓，故整个石雕行业后继乏人。再加上雕匠艺人文化程度普遍较低，对传统石雕工艺的静态保护及理论研究在资金上投入不足，工作没有全面展开等方面的问题，惠安石雕的传统技艺日益陷入濒危状态，亟待扶持和救护。
The older generation of Huian stone carving artists have gradually retired, and with the advancement of technology, precious traditional manual carving skills are gradually being replaced by mechanization. Traditional skills are passed down through oral and heart-to-heart transmission between mentors and apprentices or within families, often in a closed state. It is difficult for apprentices in modern factories to truly learn the essence of traditional stone carving techniques, resulting in a lack of successors in the entire stone carving industry. In addition, the cultural level of carvers and artists is generally low, and there is insufficient investment in the static protection and theoretical research of traditional stone carving techniques, and the work has not been fully carried out. As a result, the traditional techniques of Huian stone carving are increasingly endangered and urgently need support and rescue.
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