蔚县剪纸 | 非物质文化遗产

——Paper-cut——

它们是时间的见证

见证时间的沉淀和历史的流转

They are witnesses of time

Witness the sedimentation of time and the flow of history🍃

蔚县最早的剪纸可追溯到明成化年间。当时的剪纸为单色，不镂空，形象古朴、粗拙（主要用于绣鞋花样、婚丧吉祥物和年节窗户装饰等，故称“窗花”），其式样和技艺尚未形成自己的特色。后来，剪纸艺人借鉴年画和皮影的色彩，创作出彩色剪纸。由于当时中国北方的窗予多以绵纸糊挡，透光性很差，这种剪纸贴在上面挡光，于是剪纸艺人又创造出透光性较好的“天皮亮”，即用云母薄片拼贴成方圆形块面，再在上面用毛笔勾图添色，然后阁边敷纸，贴在窗户上的一种剪纸。

The earliest Paper Cuttings in Yuxian can be traced back to the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Paper Cuttings were monochrome, not hollowed out, simple and crude in image (mainly used for embroidering shoe patterns, wedding and funeral mascots, and festival window decoration, so it was called "window decoration"), and its style and technology had not yet formed its characteristics. Later, Paper Cuttings artists used the colours of New Year pictures and shadow puppets to create colourful Paper Cuttings. At that time, the windows in northern China were mostly blocked with cotton paper paste, which had poor light transmittance. This kind of Paper Cuttings was pasted on it to block the light, so Paper Cutting artists created a kind of Paper Cuttings with good light transmittance, that is, the mica thin pieces were pasted into square and round blocks, and then the brush was used to draw pictures on the top to add colour. Then paper was applied on the back pavilion and pasted on the window.

清咸丰年间，又输入了武强木板水印窗花。这种窗花相比“天皮亮”色彩艳丽，但要比后来的蔚县剪纸粗糙，被称为“草窗花”，也叫“草窗空”。这种剪纸在白天的效果很好看，但一到晚上就变成一片黑了，于是剪纸艺人就尝试用刀子在上面增加缕空效果，开创了蔚县彩色缕空剪纸的先河。

During the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Qiang's wooden board watermarked window decorations were also imported. This kind of window decoration is colourful compared with the "bright sky", but it is rougher than the later Yuxian Paper Cuttings. It is called "grass window decoration", also called "grass window decoration". This kind of Papercutting looks good in the daytime, but it turns black at night, so Paper Cutting artists try to use knives to increase the wispy effect, creating a precedent for Yuxian colourful Paper Cuttings.

1．画样（出样）：即对剪纸图样进行设计创作，并把它描绘在白纸上。首先用铅笔勾出图案轮廓，然后绘制整理出清晰的墨线稿。绘制时要考虑画面中线与面的各种关系，也要考虑色彩在画面中的控制效果，要交代清楚哪些线条在刻制时要剔除，哪些要保留和连接。

2．拨样（开样子）：用刻刀对画稿进行补充修改和刻制，该镂空的部分进行镂空，给刻制留出道口。拔样是对画稿的二次创作。

3．配样：对定稿的剪纸点彩染色。配样时要把握民间色彩的运用原则，如“红配绿一台戏”、“红配黄喜洋洋”、“蓝配紫丑个死”等等。

4．熏样：把刻好的剪纸样稿放在白纸上或黄毛边纸上，用毛巾把纸面打湿，放于小木板上拓实，用油灯或蜡烛的烟进行熏制，把样稿的形状完整清晰的熏印到纸面上，作为刻制时的样模。现代多采用晒图代替熏样。

1. Drawing (sample): design and create paper-cutting patterns and describe them on white paper. First, use a pencil to outline the pattern, and then draw and organize a clear ink line draft. When drawing, various relationships between lines and surfaces in the picture should be considered, as well as the control effect of colours in the picture. It is necessary to clarify which lines need to be removed during engraving, and which ones need to be retained and connected.

2. Sample drawing (opening): Use a carving knife to supplement, modify, and carve the artwork. The hollowed-out part should be hollowed out to leave a gap for carving. Drawing samples is a secondary creation of the artwork.

3. Sample matching: stippling and dyeing the finalized Paper Cuttings. When matching samples, we should grasp the principles of using folk colours, such as "red with green for a play", "red with yellow for joy", "blue with purple for ugliness", and so on.

4. Fumigation: put the carved Paper Cuttings sample on white paper or yellow paper with fur edges, wet the paper surface with a towel, place it on a small wooden board for rubbing, smoke it with an oil lamp or candle smoke, and smoke and print the shape of the sample completely and clearly on the paper surface as the sample model for engraving. In modern times, sun exposure is often used instead of fumigation.

5．订纸闷压：根据图样的规格大小把熏样放在由几十张宣纸订成的宣纸板上，用纸捻穿钉固定好后，用清水把纸板浸湿，再用重物覆压，使纸版充分压实，挤压出所含水分，悬挂晾干后就成为一块块平整硬实的纸版。

6．刻制：用自制的各种样式的刻刀进行手工刻制，要求上下一致，不粘不连，干净利落。刻时要先刻细处后刻粗处，先刻中间后刻两边，阴刻和阳刻需要巧妙结合。

7．染色：用品色兑酒精或白酒，根据色样的需求调配成各种颜色，用毛笔以平涂、晕染、点染、套染、渲染、洗染、补染等方法完成作品。

8．分检装裱：分检就是将刻染好的纸样轻轻揉动，使纸张互相脱离，然后再顺次一张张的揭开。将揭开的剪纸夹在稍大的透明宣纸中，成套分组，装入准备好的封皮中。最后再用镜框、纸版等装裱。

5. Paper binding and pressing: Place the smoked sample on a rice paper board made of dozens of rice paper sheets according to the specifications of the pattern. After fixing it with paper twists and nails, wet the cardboard with water, and then press it with a heavy object to fully compact the paper board. Squeeze out the moisture contained in it, hang and dry it, and it will become flat and hard paper boards.

6. Engraving: Use self-made carving knives of various styles for manual engraving, requiring consistency in top and bottom, nonstick and non-connected, and clean and neat. When carving, it is necessary to first carve the fine parts then the coarse parts, and first carve the middle part and then the two sides. The combination of Yin and Yang carving needs to be clever.

7. Dyeing: the product colour is mixed with alcohol or Baijiu, and mixed into various colours according to the needs of the colour sample. The work is completed by flat coating, halo dyeing, spot dyeing, overprint, rendering, washing and dyeing, and patching with a brush.

8. Sorting and framing: Sorting is the process of gently rubbing the engraved and dyed paper patterns to separate them from each other, and then sequentially peeling them off one by one. Clip the uncovered Paper Cuttings into a slightly larger transparent rice paper, group it in sets, and put it into the prepared cover. Finally, use frames, paper plates, etc. for mounting.

题材

蔚县剪纸题材广泛，意寓深长，生活气息浓郁。无论是反映人们对吉祥幸福的祈纳，还是来源于劳动人民喜闻乐见的历史故事、民间传说及人物；无论是北方特有的文化背景和民俗风情的再现，还是用于四时节令、婚寿礼仪等庆典，都体现了民间艺人高超的智慧和丰富的想象力。

theme

Yuxian Paper Cuttings has a wide range of themes, profound meanings and a rich flavour of life. Whether it reflects people's prayers for auspiciousness and happiness or comes from historical stories, folk legends, and characters that are popular among the working people; Whether it is the reproduction of the unique cultural background and folk customs in the north or the use in celebrations such as the Four Seasons Festival and wedding ceremonies, it reflects the superb wisdom and rich imagination of folk artists.

构图

蔚县剪纸以构图饱满、造型生动、色彩绚丽、工艺奇特的艺术风格独树一帜。蔚县剪纸以阴刻为主，阳刻为辅，实多余虚、黑大于白、面强于线。画面中确定一个主形体后，再安排次要形象进行陪衬、烘托和装饰。主体突出醒目、阵脚沉稳，画面充实均衡，物虽多但布局合理、疏密有致，全无堆砌之感。复用多色点染彩绘，达到了工致传神、雅俗共赏的效果。

Composition

Yuxian Paper Cuttings is unique in its artistic style with full composition, vivid shape, gorgeous colours and unique craftsmanship. Yuxian Paper Cuttings is mainly made of intaglio, supplemented by intaglio, which is redundant, black is greater than white, and surface is stronger than line. After determining a main form in the picture, arrange secondary images to complement, enhance, and decorate it. The main body is prominent and eye-catching, the formation is steady, and the picture is rich and balanced, although there are many objects, the layout is reasonable, the density is appropriate, and there is no sense of stacking. The reuse of multi-colour point dye painting has achieved the effect of exquisite craftsmanship and appeals to both the refined and the popular.

造型

蔚县剪纸的造型在写实的基础上结合农民的欣赏习惯和审美趣味，并根据装饰的需要，进行高度概括和夸张的变形。画面的形象来自于生活又高于生活，十分生动活泼，散发着勃勃生机。蔚县剪纸的造型特别注重形象的传神，甚至在一定限度内舍形而取神，只求传达本质的神韵。

modelling

The modelling of Yuxian Paper Cuttings is highly generalized and exaggerated according to the needs of decoration based on realism in combination with farmers' appreciation habits and aesthetic interests. The image of the picture comes from life and is higher than life, very vivid and lively, emitting vitality. The modelling of Yuxian Paper Cuttings pays special attention to the vivid image, even within a certain limit, it chooses the spirit from the shape, just to convey the essence of the charm.