龙泉宝剑锻制技艺 | 非物质文化遗产

龙泉宝剑锻制技艺，浙江省龙泉市传统工艺美术技艺，国家级非物质文化遗产之一。龙泉宝剑锻制技艺，从原料到成品，要经过捶打、刨锉、磨光、镶嵌、淬火等5道核心工序。从初期的铁剑，演变为钢剑、折叠花纹夹钢剑，经过层层工序，最终锻造成龙泉宝剑。

The longan sword forging technique, as well as traditional arts and crafts in Longquan, Zhejiang Province, is one of the national intangible cultural heritage. Longquan sword forging technology, from raw materials to finished products, goes through five core processes such as hammering, filing, polishing, inlaying, and quenching. From the initial iron sword, it evolved into a steel sword, a folding pattern steel sword, and after layers of processes, it was eventually forged into the Longquan sword.

In October 2001, the Longquan sword was listed as one of the first traditional arts and crafts varieties in Zhejiang Province; In December 2004, it was listed in the first batch of the Zhejiang Ethnic Folk Art Protection List. In May 2005, it was listed in the first batch of the Zhejiang Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative List. In May 2006, it was included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage representative list.

龙泉宝剑又称“七星剑”，按其不同性能分为三种基本类型：硬剑（以刚利著称）、软剑（以柔韧著称）和传统武术剑。此外，还有云花剑、手杖剑、鱼肠剑、鸳鸯剑等29个品种，近百种款式。在长期的发展中，经过历代铸匠精益求精的钻研，龙泉宝剑在产品的质量上形成了坚韧锋利、刚柔相济、寒光逼人、纹饰巧致四大传统特色。

Longquan sword, also known as the "seven-star sword", is divided into three basic types according to its different properties: hard sword (known for its rigidity), soft sword (known for its flexibility) and traditional martial arts sword. In addition, there are 29 varieties such as cloud foil, cane sword, fish gut sword, Mandarin duck sword, and nearly 100 styles. In the long-term development, through the continuous study of the craftsmen in the past dynasties, the Longquan sword has formed four traditional characteristics in the quality of products, such as tough and sharp, rigid and soft, cold and bright, and decorative decoration. 

第一，坚韧锋利；“削铜如泥”。1978年，在中国工艺美术界两次全国性集会上，龙泉宝剑的制作艺人曾当众表演。他用一把龙泉宝剑，不费力地将叠在一起的六个铜板劈成两片，而剑刃不卷。

First, tough and sharp; "Whittle copper like mud." In 1978, at two national gatherings of Chinese arts and crafts circles, Longquan sword makers performed in public. With a Longquan sword, he easily split the six copper plates stacked together into two pieces without curling the blade.

第二，刚柔相济。古代的龙泉宝剑用生铁铸造，后来则用中碳钢铸造，加之淬火工艺恰到好处，使中炭钢具备了弹簧钢的特性。如将一把薄型宝剑卷成一个圆圈，束在腰中，像系裙的腰带。解开后，宝剑挺直如故。

Second, hardness and softness are balanced. The ancient Longquan sword was cast with pig iron and later cast with medium carbon steel, and the quenching process was just right so that the medium carbon steel had the characteristics of spring steel. For example, a thin sword is rolled into a circle and tied at the waist, like a skirt belt. Untied, the sword stood straight as before.

第三，寒光逼人。龙泉境内有一种名叫“亮石”的磨石。在这种石头上磨制出来的宝剑，寒光闪闪。龙泉宝剑全靠手工磨光，从粗磨、细磨到精磨，往往要花数日甚至数月之久，一旦磨出，青光耀眼。

Third, the cold is striking. In Longquan, there is a kind of grinding stone called "bright stone." The sword ground on this stone shone cold. The Longquan sword is polished by hand, from rough to fine grinding. It often takes several days or even months. Once it is ground, the green light is dazzling.

第四，纹饰巧致。剑身上刻有七星标志和飞龙图案。在剑身上刻花，也是龙泉剑的一项绝技。剑工们一不用彩笔，二不照图样，只用一把钢凿在宽不盈寸的剑身上刻凿，刻好后浇上铜水，经铲平加磨，飞龙图案，生动自然，永不消失。

Fourth, the decoration is clever. The sword is engraved with the symbol of seven stars and the image of a dragon. Carving on the sword is also a unique skill of the Longquan sword. Sword workers do not use coloured pens, two do not follow the pattern, only a steel chisel in the width of the sword body chisel, engraved after pouring copper water, after the levelling and grinding, the dragon pattern, vivid and natural, never disappear.

一把龙泉宝剑从原料到成品，要经过捶打、刨锉、磨光、镶嵌、淬火等5道核心工序。从初期的铁剑，演变为钢剑、折叠花纹夹钢剑。

From raw materials to finished products, a Longquan sword must go through five core processes: hammering, filing, polishing, inlaying and quenching. The initial iron sword evolved into a steel sword, a folding pattern clip steel sword.

捶打：将铁块放在炉中烧到高温，反复多次的渗碳工艺锻打，形成宝剑的最佳雏形。

Hammering: the iron block is burned in the furnace to high temperature, and the carburising process is repeatedly forged to form the best prototype of the sword.

刨锉：用钢刀削锉，使剑身厚度适中，剑脊与剑刃之间呈一定坡度，剑脊须居剑身正中，成一条直线。

Cutting file: Use a steel knife to cut the file, so that the thickness of the sword body is moderate, there is a certain slope between the ridge and the blade, and the ridge must reside in the middle of the sword body and form a straight line.

磨光：将锉好的剑置于错石，上磨光。先进行粗磨，再细磨。

Polishing: Place the filed sword on the wrong stone and polish it—first rough grinding, then fine grinding.

镶嵌：磨光后，在剑身上用钢针镂刻图案、剑名、店号，嵌上赤铜，经镏铜处理，磨光后呈金色，产生色彩对比，具灵光宝气之感。

Inlaid: After polishing, the sword body with steel needle engraving pattern, sword name, and shop number, embedded in red copper, after copper processing, polished gold, produces colour contrast, with a sense of light treasure gas.

淬火：运用传统淬火方法，使剑身刚柔相济。这一道属高精工艺，非一般工匠所能得心应手。

Quenching: Traditional quenching methods make the sword body rigid and soft. This is a high-precision process; not even the average artisan can be handy with it.

04.

传承与保护  

Inheritance and protection

龙泉宝剑传统技艺，其丰厚的文化功能及其社会作用，在中国古代冷兵器史、中国古代冶金史、中国古代思想史和中国文化艺术史上的影响，展现了中华民族创造力的杰出价值。如今，龙泉宝剑不仅是健身武术器械、影视舞台道具，而且还被国家领导人当做国礼赠送，为海内外许多名人和宝剑爱好者所收藏珍视。

The traditional skill of the Longquan sword, its rich cultural function and social role, and its influence on the history of cold weapons, metallurgy, thought and art history in ancient China, show the outstanding value of Chinese national creativity. Today, the Longquan sword is not only a fitness martial arts equipment, film and television stage props, but also a national gift by national leaders, and many celebrities and sword lovers at home and abroad.

龙泉宝剑是中国制剑工艺的杰出代表，其制作技艺更是中国传统手工艺里的典范，保护和弘扬这一民间技艺是每个中国人应该做的事情，龙泉宝剑还将续写它的传奇。

Longquan sword is an outstanding representative of Chinese sword-making technology, and its production technique is a traditional Chinese handicraft model. To protect and promote this folk skill is what every Chinese should do. Longquan Sword will continue to write its legend.

传承现状:当今锻剑工艺已完全现代化，这对传统技艺造成了巨大冲击，追求产销经济效益的企业经营策略影响了剑的质量，锻剑之地的环境也受到破坏。这些问题导致龙泉宝剑锻制技艺处于濒危状态，急需抢救和保护。

Inheritance status: Today's forging sword technology has been completely modernised, which has caused a huge impact on the traditional skills, the pursuit of production and marketing economic benefits of the business strategy has affected the quality of the sword, the environment of the forging sword has also been damaged. These problems lead to the endangered state of Longquan sword forging technology, which urgently needs rescue and protection.

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