【深度有机】6、醇 醚的补充知识
文摘
教育
2024-09-25 20:39
中国
1、醇的碱性:氧提供共用电子对与其他原子或基团结合而成的物质称为[钅羊]盐。CH3CH2OH+H2SO4→CH3CH2OH2+HSO4-CH3OH+HNO3→H+→CH3ONO2+H2OCH3OH+H2SO4→H+→CH3OSO3H+H2O、CH3OH+CH3OSO3H→H+→CH3OSO2O
CH3+H2O3CH3OH+POCl3→(CH3O)3PO+3HCl(2)与二级醇、三级醇和空阻特别大的醇按SN1机理发生反应。CH3CH2CH2CHOHCH3+HBr→CH3CH2CH2CHBrCH3(86%)+CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH3(14%)+H2O(CH3)3CCH2OH+HBr→(CH3)2CBrCH2CH3+H2O(CH3)3COH→HBr→(CH3)2C=CH2+H2O一级醇按SN2机理,二级醇、三级醇按SN1机理进行反应。(2)ROH+SOCl2→△→RCl+SO2↑+HCl↑(1)(CH3)3CCHOHCH3→浓硫酸/△→(CH3)2C=C(CH3)2(主要)+ CH2=C(CH3)CH(CH3)2(少量)+(CH3)3CCH=CH2(少量)+H2O(2)防止方法:用氧化铝或硅酸盐做催化剂,不发生重排现象。(CH3)3CCHOHCH3→Al2O3/350-400℃→(CH3)3CCH=CH2+H2O(1)三级醇在中、碱性条件下不易被KMnO4氧化。在酸性条件下,则能脱水成烯,再发生烯的氧化反应。(CH3)3COH→KMnO4/H+→CH3COCH3+CO2+H2O(2)MnO2、沙瑞特试剂(铬酐CrO3+吡啶)、琼斯试剂(铬酐+稀硫酸)等可以将醇氧化为醛、酮或酸,且C=C、C≡C不受影响。CH2=CHCH2OH→MnO2→CH2=CHCHOCH2=CHCH2OH→(C5H5N)2•CrO3/CH2Cl2→CH2=CHCHOCH2=CHCH2OH→CrO3,稀硫酸/丙酮→CH2=CHCOOH一级醇氧化为酸。二级醇、三级醇氧化断裂碳碳键,生成小分子酸。环醇氧化碳碳键断裂生成二酸。环己醇→HNO3(50%)→HOOC(CH2)4COOH在三级丁醇铝的存在下,二级醇与丙醇反应,生成酮和异丙醇。CH3CH2CH2CHOHCH3+CH3COCH3→Al[(OCCH3)3]3→CH3CH2CH2COCH3+CH3CHOHCH3CH3CHOHCHOHCH3→H5IO6→2CH3CHOCH3CHOHCHOHCH3→(CH3COO)4Pb→2CH3CHO(1)甲醇:CO+2H2→催化剂/加热、加压→CH3OH(2)乙醇:CH2=CH2+H2O→磷酸→CH3CH2OH2CH2=CH2+H2SO4→CH3CH2OSO2OCH2CH3、CH3CH2OSO2OCH2CH3+2H2O→2CH3CH2OH+H2SO4(3)丙醇:CH2=CH2+
CO+H2→催化剂/加热、加压→CH3CH2CHO、CH3CH2CHO+H2→Pt→CH3CH2CH2OH(4)乙二醇:+H2O→催化剂/加热、加压→CH2OHCH2OH(5)丙三醇:CH3CH=CH2→Cl2/500℃→ClCH2CH=CH2ClCH2CH=CH2→HClO→ClCH2CHOHCH2ClClCH2CHOHCH2Cl→Ca(OH)2→CH2Cl-CH2Cl-→NaOH溶液→CH2OHCHOHCH2OH卤代烃的水解、烯烃的直接水合和间接水合(利用硫酸的加成和水解)、烯烃的硼氢化-氧化、格式试剂与醛或酮或环氧烷反应再水解。CH3CH=CH2→BH3→CH3CH2CH2BH2、CH3CH2CH2BH2→H2O2/OH-→CH3CH2CH2OHRMgX+→RCH2CH2OMgX、RCH2CH2OMgX→H+→RCH2CH2OHRMgX+HCHO→RCH2OMgX、RCH2OMgX→H+→RCH2OHCH3CH2-O-CH2CH3+O2→CH3CHOOH-O-CH2CH3(过氧化醚)(3)(CH3)2CH-O-CH2CH3+HI→△→(CH3)2CHI+
CH3CH2OH混合醚的C-O断键顺序为三级烷基>二级烷基>一级烷基>芳基。CH3-+H2O→H+→CH3CHOHCH2OHCH3-+CH3OH→H+→CH3OCH(CH3)CH2OHCH3-+HX→CH3CHXCH2OHCH3-+OH-→→CH3CHOHCH2OHCH3-+RO-→H+→CH3CHOHCH2R