内容摘要
1984 年,《产品语意:探索形式的象征品质》一文发表,宾夕法尼亚大学教授克劳斯· 克里彭多夫(Klaus Krippendorff)和俄亥俄州立大学教授莱因哈特· 布特(Reinhart Butter)在本文中共同提出了“产品语意”(Product Semantics)理论,产品语意理论首次被提出。[1] 此后二十余年,克里彭多夫持续围绕该主题不断探索和精进。2006 年,《设计:语意学转向》[2—3](后文简称《转向》) 一书出版,系统、全面、深入地阐述了设计语意学理论,并引发学界热议,成为设计理论研究的重要里程碑之一。布鲁斯· 阿彻(Bruce Archer)称,设计语意学是设计学科中的重大范式转变,是设计行业未来不可或缺的指南[4] ;奈杰尔· 克罗斯(Nigel Cross) [5] 认为其卓越地综合了一种新的设计观,拓展了对设计和科学的关系理解。
此后十余年,业界和学界纷纷开启了基于产品语意理论的设计探索。1984 年,飞利浦公司率先参与了由美国工业设计师协会(ISDA)邀请、克里彭多夫和布特等人主持的产品语意工作坊,产出了以“滚石收音机”为代表的产品创意;1987 年,印度理工大学工业设计中心举办名为“Arthaya”(古印度语,指意义)的产品语意工作坊;1989 年,首届欧洲产品语意工作坊在芬兰赫尔辛基工业艺术大学举办;同时,哥伦比亚、德国、瑞士、日本、韩国、美国及中国台湾地区纷纷举办工作坊,语意学也进入一些大学的设计课程中。1996 年,美国国家科学基金会(NSF)发起了一次大型工作坊,主要涉及设计师如何帮助信息技术更广泛应用,相关设计原理几乎都围绕语意问题;同年,纽约库柏· 海威特国家设计博物馆组织了“事物的意义”的跨学科会议;1998 年秋,西门子公司和宝马汽车公司在德国慕尼黑发起了名为“设计中的语意”的专题研讨会。
那么,设计语意学为何获此盛誉?其理论框架和关键概念是什么?它与产品语意理论有何不同?这些关键概念又是如何构建出来的?带着这些问题,笔者以《转向》一书为切入点,梳理了从1984 年到2020 年克里彭多夫发表的31 篇论文,重点分析了与产品语意理论相关的27 篇文献,以期厘清设计语意学的关键概念及其构建逻辑,同时对相关引证文献进行整理分类,探寻其与后续设计研究的关联。
1
设计语意学的基本框架
2
设计语意学的核心概念及其关系
2. 作为二阶理解的设计语意学(图片来源:根据《设计:语意学转向》第67 页图绘制)
3. 设计语意学的核心概念及其关系
3
设计语意学的后续发展及其影响
4
对设计语意学的再认识
结论与展望
第一阶段(1984—1989):强化理念、增强意识。他所提出的关注“意义”成为万众瞩目的标志性理念。
第二阶段(1990—2006):概念发展、话语创造。这个过程必须产生很多新的想法并测试和淘汰,最终合适的设计话语得以确立;他不断完善意义相关的概念和理论,不断提出新的话语去阐释、支撑理论内涵,直到2005 年《转向》完稿。
第三阶段(2007至今):精益求精、应用拓展。在建构出完整的设计语意理论体系后,随着时代的发展,他不断反思核心概念的本质,同时通过实证研究探索具体的、可操作的研究方法。
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[86] 同[3],中文版序。
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