美国当地时间11月5日，是美国总统选举的正式投票日。
美国大选每四年举行一次，以产生总统及副总统。据报道，美国共和党总统候选人、前总统特朗普在2024年美国大选中已获得当选总统所需的270张选举人票，特朗普宣布赢得大选。这篇外刊将介绍美国大选候选人。
Source：Getty Images
今天的外刊选自CNN，共计1147词，预计阅读时间11分钟。
通过这次的外刊，你将收获：
○美国不同党派候选人
○长难句的拆解
希望你在阅读全文后能够回答以下问题：
○Kamala Harris对水力压裂技术持有怎样的态度？
○Jill Stein所代表的绿党支持哪些方面？
外刊解析
2024 Presidential Candidates
Kamala Harris
Age: 60
Party: Democrat
Born: Oakland, California
Vice President Kamala Harris announced her candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president after Biden withdrew from the ticket and endorsed her on July 21. Harris would be the first Black woman and first Asian American to lead the ticket of a major political party. The daughter of immigrants from India and Jamaica, Harris grew up in Oakland and spent much of her political career in California’s Bay Area. As a US senator, Harris was known for her prosecutorial questioning style during hearings with Trump administration officials and nominees, including Attorney General Jeff Sessions and future Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh.
Past experience
Harris is the current vice president and the highest-ranking female political official in US history. She previously served as a US senator, California attorney general and the San Francisco district attorney.
Key policy issues
With her presidential campaign in full swing, Harris has voiced support for continuing many of Biden’s measures, such as providing tax credits to middle-class and lower-income families, lowering drug costs and eliminating so-called junk fees. Generally, her agenda contains an amped-up series of progressive proposals, though her campaign has confirmed that she’s moved away from several of her more notable left-leaning stances from her 2020 presidential run, such as her interest in a single-payer health insurance system and a ban on fracking.
Source：百度百科
Donald Trump
Age: 78
Party: Republican
Born: Queens, New York
Former President Donald Trump launched his bid to reclaim the White House in November 2022, aiming to become only the second commander in chief to win two nonconsecutive terms. Trump continues to deny the outcome of the 2020 election that he lost to Joe Biden and promotes baseless conspiracy theories about election fraud. He was twice impeached by the US House of Representatives, including for his role in inciting the deadly January 6, 2021, insurrection at the US Capitol following his electoral defeat. In May 2024, Trump was found guilty of all charges at his New York hush money criminal trial. He also faces charges in three other cases, including over his efforts to overturn the 2020 election and his alleged mishandling of classified documents after leaving office.
Past experience
Trump graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor’s degree in economics. Before launching his successful 2016 presidential bid, Trump was a real estate developer, businessman and a reality television star as host of “The Apprentice.”
Key policy issues
If he wins another term, Trump has said he would overhaul key factions of the federal government and slash social safety net programs. He has also vowed retribution against his political opponents and has said he would appoint a special prosecutor to “go after” Biden and his family.
Source：AP
Cornel West
Age: 71
Party: Independent
Born: Tulsa, Oklahoma
When West announced his presidential bid in June 2023, he sought to run on the People’s Party line, before pivoting to seek the Green Party nomination. Months later, he abandoned the party process altogether to run as an independent. The progressive scholar and his running mate, professor and activist Melina Abdullah, have sought support from disaffected Democrats who oppose Biden’s support for Israel’s military operation in Gaza.
Past experience
West has worked as a professor at Union Theological Seminary several times throughout the years, with his most recent stint beginning in 2021. He also has worked as a professor at Yale, Princeton and Harvard.
Key policy issues
West has said he would pressure Israel into agreeing to a permanent ceasefire in Gaza and to withdrawing from Palestinian territory. He’s also said he would cut off all US aid to Ukraine and push to abolish NATO. He’s pledged to enact free health care for all US residents. West has also said he would discontinue all oil and gas leasing projects on federal lands. He is committed to the payment of reparations to all Black US residents.
Source：百度百科
Jill Stein
Age: 74
Party: Green Party
Born: Chicago, Illinois
Stein originally served as Cornel West’s campaign manager during his brief stint as a Green Party candidate. But shortly after he switched to an independent run, Stein stepped forward to seek the Green nomination herself. Her campaign has largely focused on combatting President Joe Biden’s support for Israel’s war effort in Gaza. In April, she was arrested at a protest at Washington University in St. Louis amid a nationwide series of boycotts calling for a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas.
Past experience
Prior to launching her political career, Stein worked as a physician and was an environmental activist. She was then the Green-Rainbow Party nominee for Massachusetts governor in 2002 and 2010, as well as the party’s nominee for Massachusetts secretary of the commonwealth in 2006. She was the Green Party’s presidential candidate in 2012 and 2016.
Key policy issues
Stein has proposed a climate policy that goes further than progressive Democrats’ “Green New Deal,” pushing the US to achieve zero carbon emissions on a faster timeline. She has pledged to withdraw US support for Israel and Ukraine. She’s in favor of guaranteed free public education from pre-K through college. Stein has also said she would cancel all medical debt as well as double the number of Supreme Court justices and subject them to 18-year term limits.
Source：百度百科
Chase Oliver
Age: 39
Party: Libertarian Party
Born: Nashville, Tennessee
Oliver secured the Libertarian nomination after seven rounds of voting at the party’s convention in May 2024. He overcame efforts to block his candidacy by a growing party faction that fielded candidates willing to embrace far-right positions on issues such as immigration and transgender care. Oliver, who visited all 50 states ahead of the Libertarian convention, was sharply critical of Donald Trump’s and Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s efforts to court Libertarian voters earlier this year.
Past experience
Prior to launching his political career, he worked in the restaurant industry and then the corporate maritime trade industry, according to an Indiana newspaper. He also was a political activist who opposed the war in Iraq. He was the Libertarian nominee for Georgia’s 5th Congressional District in 2020, and the party’s nominee for US Senate in Georgia in 2022.
Key policy issues
Oliver has called for simplifying the pathway to citizenship for immigrants and expanding work visas. He’s pledged to withdraw the US from all foreign conflicts, including cutting support for Ukraine and Israel. He’s in favor of eliminating the Federal Reserve. He’s committed to federally decriminalizing marijuana use and pardoning all nonviolent drug offenders and has said he would push Congress to decriminalize possession and use of all drugs.
Source：百度百科
Source: CNN
Author: CNN Staff
Date: October 21, 2024
生词拓展：
1. candidacy
英音/ˈkæn.dɪ.də.si/ 美音/ˈkæn.dɪ.də.si/
[N] The fact of being a candidate in an election. 候选人资格（或身份）
例句：
The billionaire has dedicated tens of millions of dollars to efforts aiding Trump’s candidacy.
这位亿万富翁已经捐赠了数千万美元，用于支持特朗普的竞选活动。
2. insurrection
英音/ˌɪn.sərˈek.ʃən/ 美音/ˌɪn.sɚˈek.ʃən/
[N] An organized attempt by a group of people to defeat their government and take control of their country, usually by violence. 起义，暴动，造反，叛乱
例句：
Cheney was just one of 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach the former president in 2021 following the insurrection.
在2021年那场叛乱之后，Cheney只是投票弹劾前总统的10名众议院共和党人之一。
3. overhaul
英音/əʊ.vəˈhɔːl/ 美音/oʊ.vɚˈhɑːl/
[N] To repair an engine, machine, etc. so that every part of it works as it should. 彻底检修，大修；改造；改进
例句：
OpenAI-backer Microsoft Corp. and Google have overhauled their search products to include more conversational AI features.
OpenAI 的支持者微软公司和谷歌已对其搜索产品进行了改造，加入了更多对话式人工智能功能。
4. prosecutor
英音/ˈprɒs.ɪ.kjuː.tər/ 美音/ˈprɑː.sə.kjuː.t̬ɚ/
[N] A legal official who accuses someone of committing a crime, especially in a law court. 检察官;公诉人
例句：
Hines, a Democrat, is challenging Lucido, a Republican, for prosecutor in the November election.
民主党人Hines将在 11 月的大选中，就检察官一职向共和党人Lucido发起挑战。
5. stint
英音/stɪnt/ 美音/stɪnt/
[N] A fixed or limited period of time spent doing a particular job or activity. 工作期限；（从事某项活动的）规定期限
例句：
Perhaps her most productive period was her five-year stint as a foreign correspondent in New York.
也许她创作上最多产的时期就是她在纽约担任驻外记者的那5年。
6. decriminalize
英音/ˌdiːˈkrɪm.ɪ.nəl.aɪz/ 美音/ˌdiːˈkrɪm.ə.nəl.aɪz/
[N] To stop something from being illegal. 使合法化nt. 斗嘴，口角
例句：
In the last four years, the group has worked to decriminalize psychedelics in more than 10 communities across Massachusetts, Maine and California.
在过去四年里，该组织一直致力于在马萨诸塞州、缅因州和加利福尼亚州的 10 多个社区将迷幻药合法化。
知识卡：
选举流程
美国总统选举的复杂性使其堪称全世界耗时最长、难度最大、花钱最多的选举。竞选班子在制订策略时，不仅要考虑全国范围内不同阶层、年龄、收入、职业、族群等选民的一般诉求，还要特别关注各个州和各个地域的具体要求和利益，实际上相当于参加51场小选举。选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票、选举人团投票表决和当选总统就职。
- 报名参选：出生在美国、年满35岁且在美国至少居住14年的美国公民均可报名（无肤色性别学历政党限制，但46任总统中有45任是白人男性，且投票集中在民主党和共和党之间，形成驴象之争）。
- 党内提名：预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段，通常从选举年的年初开始，到年中结束。其间，各党派竞选人将争夺本党总统候选人提名。预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票，选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表，这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。预选结束后，民主、共和两大政党将分别在第三季度召开全国代表大会，主要任务是最终确定本党的总统、副总统候选人。
- 正式竞选：两党全国代表大会之后，总统竞选便正式拉开帷幕。这一过程一般要持续八至九周。在此期间，总统候选人要耗费巨资，通过广告大战、发表竞选演说、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论等多种形式，阐述其对国内外事务的政策主张，以赢得选民对自己的信任，争取选票。
- 全民投票：全国选民投票是在选举年11月份的第一个星期一后的星期二举行。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行选举人团制度，因此总统大选日实际上是选举代表选民的选举人。选民投票时，不仅要在总统候选人当中选择，而且要选出代表50个州和首都华盛顿的538名选举人，以组成选举人团。赢得270张或以上选举人票的总统候选人即获得选举胜利。由于美国横跨六个时区，因此，各州、甚至同一州的东西部投票开始和结束时间都有所差别。位于东北部的新罕布什尔州两个小镇最早开始投票，最晚投票的是阿拉斯加州和夏威夷州。各地投票站一般开放12个小时。各地计票结果在投票站关闭后开始宣布。因此，根据各州选举人票归属情况，通常大选日当晚就能决出选举获胜者。
- 选举人团投票：12月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一，举行真正的总统选举。届时，各州被推选出的"选举人"将前往各州的首府进行投票，最终选举出总统。当选总统将于次年1月20日宣誓就职。
（来源：百度百科）
Source: 百度百科
重难点解析：
1. Vice President Kamala Harris announced her candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president after Biden withdrew from the ticket and endorsed her on July 21.
译文：
在拜登7月21日退出竞选并支持副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯之后，哈里斯宣布了她竞选民主党总统候选人的资格。
解析：
句子主干是Vice President Kamala Harris作主语，announced作谓语，her candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president作宾语。后接after引导的时间状语从句，修饰前面的主句。其中for the Democratic nomination for president是介词短语作定语，修饰her candidacy；withdrew from the ticket和endorsed her是并列的两个谓语，分别表示拜登的两个动作，即“退出竞选”和“支持她”。词汇candidacy是指候选人的资格，而candidate则是指候选人。withdraw from the ticket这个短语在政治语境中，意味着某个候选人或竞选搭档从竞选活动中退出，这里指拜登退出竞选。endorse指支持，文中指拜登退出竞选转而支持哈里斯作为候选人。
2. Generally, her agenda contains an amped-up series of progressive proposals, though her campaign has confirmed that she’s moved away from several of her more notable left-leaning stances from her 2020 presidential run, such as her interest in a single-payer health insurance system and a ban on fracking.
译文：
总体而言，她的议程包含了一系列更为激进的进步主义提案，尽管她的竞选活动证实她已经放弃了在2020年总统竞选中所持有的几个值得注意的左翼立场，比如她对单一支付者医疗保险制度和水力压裂禁令方面的支持。
解析：
主语是her agenda，谓语是contains，宾语是an amped-up series of progressive proposals，后面由though引导让步状语从句，表转折关系，其中has confirmed that引导宾语从句。amped原意为“兴奋的，激动的”，这里的amped-up指更为激进的（提案）。move away from指“远离，离开”，这里引申为“放弃”。Single-payer health insurance system是单一支付者医疗保险制度模式，指政府作为唯一的医疗保险费用支付者；ban on fracking是对水力压裂技术的禁令，水力压裂是一种开采页岩气或石油的技术。在2020年总统竞选中，哈里斯曾承诺当选后支持单一支付者医疗保险制度和水力压裂禁令。
3. He overcame efforts to block his candidacy by a growing party faction that fielded candidates willing to embrace far-right positions on issues such as immigration and transgender care.
译文：
他克服了党内一个日益壮大的派系的阻挠，该派系会推选出那些愿意在移民和跨性别护理等问题上支持采取极端右翼立场的候选人。
解析：
这个句子的主干是He overcame efforts to block his candidacy；by a growing party faction作方式状语，修饰谓语overcame；that fielded candidates willing to embrace far-right positions on issues such as immigration and transgender care是定语从句，修饰先行词faction。field在这里是熟词僻义，作动词，意为“推出（候选人）；使某人成为候选人”。embrace原意是“拥抱”，这里指接受或支持某种观点或立场。
今天的外刊内容到这里就结束了~
政客的骂战迭起不断，美国大选无疑是一场竞争激烈、过程复杂、结果悬念重重的选举。
无论选举结果如何，都将对美国政治、社会和国际格局产生深远影响。
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往期内容：
外刊精读｜2024年诺贝尔文学奖，为什么颁给这位韩国女作家？
