作用机制
CTLA-4 抑制剂:
阻断CTLA-4,这是一种T细胞活化的负性调节因子,可通过增强T细胞的激活和增殖来提升免疫反应。
主要作用:增强淋巴结内初始T细胞的活化。
PD-1 抑制剂:
阻断PD-1(T细胞上的受体),避免其与PD-L1或PD-L2结合,从而阻止T细胞功能的抑制。
主要作用:恢复耗竭的T细胞活性,使其攻击肿瘤细胞。
PD-L1 抑制剂:
阻断肿瘤细胞或抗原呈递细胞表面的PD-L1,防止其与T细胞上的PD-1结合。
主要作用:通过抑制肿瘤诱导的免疫逃逸机制,恢复免疫监视。
1. CTLA-4 抑制剂
药物:
伊匹单抗(Ipilimumab)
特雷利木单抗(Tremelimumab)
作用机制:
阻断CTLA-4与抗原呈递细胞(APC)上B7分子的结合,促进T细胞的强效激活。
2. PD-1 抑制剂
药物:
纳武单抗(Nivolumab)
帕博利珠单抗(Pembrolizumab)
塞米普利单抗(Cemiplimab)
托瑞利单抗(Toripalimab)
替雷利珠单抗(Tislelizumab)
达伯舒(Sintilimab)
舒格利单抗(Sugemalimab)
作用机制:
抑制T细胞上的PD-1受体,阻止其与PD-L1或PD-L2结合,从而增强T细胞的抗肿瘤免疫能力。
3. PD-L1 抑制剂
药物:
阿替利珠单抗(Atezolizumab)
度伐利尤单抗(Durvalumab)
阿维鲁单抗(Avelumab)
恩沃利单抗(Envafolimab)(中国首个皮下注射PD-L1抑制剂)
作用机制:
阻断PD-L1,恢复免疫监视功能,使T细胞能够攻击肿瘤细胞。
4. 双特异性抗体
药物:
特瑞普利单抗(Tebotelimab)(PD-1/PD-L1双靶点抗体,试验阶段)
特点:
同时作用于PD-1和PD-L1,提供更广泛的免疫激活。
免疫相关不良反应(irAEs)
主要累及器官:
皮肤:皮疹、瘙痒。
胃肠道:免疫性结肠炎(腹泻、血便)。
肝脏:免疫性肝炎(转氨酶升高)。
内分泌系统:甲状腺功能异常(减退或亢进)、糖尿病、垂体炎。
肺:免疫性肺炎(咳嗽、呼吸困难)。
肾:急性间质性肾炎、抗GBM肾炎。
其他:神经系统并发症,如重症肌无力或格林-巴利综合征。
发生时间:
急性(1-2周):皮肤、胃肠道症状。
亚急性(数月后):肺部、内分泌异常。
慢性:肾或甲状腺功能异常。
治疗原则
轻度不良反应(1级):
继续CPI治疗,对症治疗(如外用激素处理皮疹)。
中度不良反应(2级):
暂停CPI治疗;给予糖皮质激素(如泼尼松0.5-1 mg/kg/天)。
重度不良反应(3-4级):
永久停止CPI治疗;加强免疫抑制(如甲基强的松龙、静脉免疫球蛋白或环磷酰胺)。
难治性毒性处理
治疗策略:
糖皮质激素的疗效观察:
通常患者在数天至一周内症状改善。
常用免疫抑制剂:
英夫利昔单抗(Infliximab):
适应症:糖皮质激素无效的免疫性结肠炎。
机制:阻断TNF-α,减少炎症反应。
维多珠单抗(Vedolizumab):
适应症:对糖皮质激素和TNF抑制剂无效的免疫性结肠炎。
机制:靶向α4β7整合素,特异性作用于肠道。
吗替麦考酚酯(Mycophenolate mofetil, MMF):
适应症:肾炎、肺炎或多器官免疫相关毒性。
机制:抑制淋巴细胞增殖,减少免疫激活。
改进后的记忆技巧
药物分类记忆: "CTLA两将,PD-1六星,PD-L1四盾"
CTLA-4 抑制剂:伊匹单抗、特雷利木单抗。
PD-1 抑制剂:纳武单抗、帕博利珠单抗、塞米普利单抗、托瑞利单抗、替雷利珠单抗、达伯舒。
PD-L1 抑制剂:阿替利珠单抗、度伐利尤单抗、阿维鲁单抗、恩沃利单抗。
不良反应记忆: "皮肠肝肺肾,甲垂糖垂炎"
包含主要受累的器官系统。
Mechanisms of Action
CTLA-4 Inhibitors:
Block CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T-cell activation, to enhance immune responses by increasing T-cell activation and proliferation.
Primary action: Enhances the early activation of naïve T cells in lymph nodes.
PD-1 Inhibitors:
Block PD-1, a receptor on T cells that downregulates T-cell activity upon binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2.
Primary action: Restores exhausted T-cell activity, allowing them to attack tumor cells.
PD-L1 Inhibitors:
Block PD-L1 on tumor or antigen-presenting cells, preventing interaction with PD-1 on T cells.
Primary action: Restores immune surveillance by inhibiting tumor-induced immune evasion.
1. CTLA-4 Inhibitors
Drugs:
Ipilimumab
Tremelimumab (recently approved for specific cancers)
Mechanism:
Block CTLA-4 interaction with B7 molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), enabling robust T-cell activation.
2. PD-1 Inhibitors
Drugs:
Nivolumab
Pembrolizumab
Cemiplimab
Toripalimab
Tislelizumab
Sintilimab (China-specific development)
Sugemalimab
Mechanism:
Inhibit PD-1 on T cells, preventing binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2, thereby enhancing T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
3. PD-L1 Inhibitors
Drugs:
Atezolizumab
Durvalumab
Avelumab
Envafolimab (first subcutaneous PD-L1 inhibitor, developed in China)
Mechanism:
Block PD-L1, restoring immune surveillance by allowing T cells to attack tumor cells.
4. Bispecific Antibodies
Drugs:
Tebotelimab (PD-1/PD-L1 dual-targeting antibody under investigation)
Features:
Target multiple immune checkpoints simultaneously, providing a broader immune activation.
Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs)
Affected Systems:
Skin: Rash, pruritus.
Gastrointestinal: Immune-mediated colitis (diarrhea, bloody stools).
Liver: Immune-mediated hepatitis (elevated transaminases).
Endocrine: Thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), diabetes, hypophysitis.
Lungs: Immune-mediated pneumonitis (cough, dyspnea).
Kidneys: Acute interstitial nephritis, anti-GBM nephritis.
Other: Neurologic complications, such as myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Onset Timing:
Acute (1-2 weeks): Skin, gastrointestinal symptoms.
Subacute (months later): Pulmonary, endocrine symptoms.
Chronic (may persist): Renal or thyroid dysfunction.
Management Principles
Mild Adverse Events (Grade 1):
Continue CPI therapy with symptomatic treatment (e.g., topical steroids for rash).
Moderate Adverse Events (Grade 2):
Pause CPI therapy; start corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone 0.5-1 mg/kg/day).
Severe Adverse Events (Grade 3-4):
Permanently discontinue CPI therapy; escalate immunosuppression (e.g., methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin, or cyclophosphamide).
Refractory Toxicity
Treatment Strategy:
Time Frame for Corticosteroid Response:
Most patients show improvement within days to one week of starting glucocorticoids.
Additional Immunosuppressive Agents:
Infliximab:
Indications: Steroid-refractory immune-mediated colitis.
Mechanism: TNF-α inhibitor, reduces inflammation.
Vedolizumab:
Indications: Colitis unresponsive to steroids and TNF inhibitors.
Mechanism: Targets α4β7 integrin, specifically suppressing gut inflammation.
Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF):
Indications: Renal, pulmonary, or multisystem immune-related toxicity.
Mechanism: Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, reducing immune activation.
Improved Memory Aids
Drug Classification: "CTLA: Two Commanders; PD-1: Six Stars; PD-L1: Four Shields"
CTLA-4 Inhibitors: Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab.
PD-1 Inhibitors: Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Cemiplimab, Toripalimab, Tislelizumab, Sintilimab.
PD-L1 Inhibitors: Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab, Envafolimab.
Adverse Events: "Skin, Gut, Liver, Lungs, Kidneys, Endocrine (Thyroid)"
A simple mnemonic covering the most commonly affected systems.