内科学习:免疫检查点抑制剂简单总结和速记

文摘   2024-11-25 09:49   美国  

作用机制

  1. CTLA-4 抑制剂

  • 阻断CTLA-4,这是一种T细胞活化的负性调节因子,可通过增强T细胞的激活和增殖来提升免疫反应。

  • 主要作用:增强淋巴结内初始T细胞的活化。

  • PD-1 抑制剂

    • 阻断PD-1T细胞上的受体),避免其与PD-L1PD-L2结合,从而阻止T细胞功能的抑制。

    • 主要作用:恢复耗竭的T细胞活性,使其攻击肿瘤细胞。

  • PD-L1 抑制剂

    • 阻断肿瘤细胞或抗原呈递细胞表面的PD-L1,防止其与T细胞上的PD-1结合。

    • 主要作用:通过抑制肿瘤诱导的免疫逃逸机制,恢复免疫监视。

    1. CTLA-4 抑制剂

    药物:

    • 伊匹单抗(Ipilimumab

    • 特雷利木单抗(Tremelimumab


    作用机制:

    • 阻断CTLA-4与抗原呈递细胞(APC)上B7分子的结合,促进T细胞的强效激活。

    2. PD-1 抑制剂

    药物:

    • 纳武单抗(Nivolumab

    • 帕博利珠单抗(Pembrolizumab

    • 塞米普利单抗(Cemiplimab

    • 托瑞利单抗(Toripalimab

    • 替雷利珠单抗(Tislelizumab

    • 达伯舒(Sintilimab

    • 舒格利单抗(Sugemalimab


    作用机制:

    • 抑制T细胞上的PD-1受体,阻止其与PD-L1PD-L2结合,从而增强T细胞的抗肿瘤免疫能力。

    3. PD-L1 抑制剂

    药物:

    • 阿替利珠单抗(Atezolizumab

    • 度伐利尤单抗(Durvalumab

    • 阿维鲁单抗(Avelumab

    • 恩沃利单抗(Envafolimab(中国首个皮下注射PD-L1抑制剂)


    作用机制:

    • 阻断PD-L1,恢复免疫监视功能,使T细胞能够攻击肿瘤细胞。

    4. 双特异性抗体

    药物:

    • 特瑞普利单抗(TebotelimabPD-1/PD-L1双靶点抗体,试验阶段)

    特点:

    • 同时作用于PD-1PD-L1,提供更广泛的免疫激活。

    免疫相关不良反应(irAEs

    主要累及器官:

    1. 皮肤:皮疹、瘙痒。

    2. 胃肠道:免疫性结肠炎(腹泻、血便)。

    3. 肝脏:免疫性肝炎(转氨酶升高)。

    4. 内分泌系统:甲状腺功能异常(减退或亢进)、糖尿病、垂体炎。

    5. :免疫性肺炎(咳嗽、呼吸困难)。

    6. :急性间质性肾炎、抗GBM肾炎。

    7. 其他:神经系统并发症,如重症肌无力或格林-巴利综合征。

    发生时间:

    • 急性(1-2周):皮肤、胃肠道症状。

    • 亚急性(数月后):肺部、内分泌异常。

    • 慢性:肾或甲状腺功能异常。

    治疗原则

    1. 轻度不良反应(1级)

    • 继续CPI治疗,对症治疗(如外用激素处理皮疹)。

  • 中度不良反应(2级)

    • 暂停CPI治疗;给予糖皮质激素(如泼尼松0.5-1 mg/kg/天)。

  • 重度不良反应(3-4级)

    • 永久停止CPI治疗;加强免疫抑制(如甲基强的松龙、静脉免疫球蛋白或环磷酰胺)。

    难治性毒性处理

    治疗策略:

    1. 糖皮质激素的疗效观察

    • 通常患者在数天至一周内症状改善。

  • 常用免疫抑制剂

    • 英夫利昔单抗(Infliximab

      • 适应症:糖皮质激素无效的免疫性结肠炎。

      • 机制:阻断TNF-α,减少炎症反应。

    • 维多珠单抗(Vedolizumab

      • 适应症:对糖皮质激素和TNF抑制剂无效的免疫性结肠炎。

      • 机制:靶向α4β7整合素,特异性作用于肠道。

    • 吗替麦考酚酯(Mycophenolate mofetil, MMF

      • 适应症:肾炎、肺炎或多器官免疫相关毒性。

      • 机制:抑制淋巴细胞增殖,减少免疫激活。

    改进后的记忆技巧

    1. 药物分类记忆:    "CTLA两将,PD-1六星,PD-L1四盾"

    • CTLA-4 抑制剂:伊匹单抗、特雷利木单抗。

    • PD-1 抑制剂:纳武单抗、帕博利珠单抗、塞米普利单抗、托瑞利单抗、替雷利珠单抗、达伯舒。

    • PD-L1 抑制剂:阿替利珠单抗、度伐利尤单抗、阿维鲁单抗、恩沃利单抗。

  • 不良反应记忆:    "皮肠肝肺肾,甲垂糖垂炎"

    • 包含主要受累的器官系统。


    Mechanisms of Action

    1. CTLA-4 Inhibitors:

    • Block CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T-cell activation, to      enhance immune responses by increasing T-cell activation and      proliferation.

    • Primary action: Enhances the early activation of naïve T cells      in lymph nodes.

  • PD-1 Inhibitors:

    • Block PD-1, a receptor on T cells that downregulates T-cell      activity upon binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2.

    • Primary action: Restores exhausted T-cell activity, allowing      them to attack tumor cells.

  • PD-L1 Inhibitors:

    • Block PD-L1 on tumor or antigen-presenting cells, preventing      interaction with PD-1 on T cells.

    • Primary action: Restores immune surveillance by inhibiting      tumor-induced immune evasion.

    1. CTLA-4 Inhibitors

    Drugs:

    • Ipilimumab

    • Tremelimumab (recently approved for     specific cancers)


    Mechanism:

    • Block CTLA-4 interaction with B7 molecules on     antigen-presenting cells (APCs), enabling robust T-cell activation.

    2. PD-1 Inhibitors

    Drugs:

    • Nivolumab

    • Pembrolizumab

    • Cemiplimab

    • Toripalimab

    • Tislelizumab

    • Sintilimab (China-specific     development)

    • Sugemalimab


    Mechanism:

    • Inhibit PD-1 on T cells, preventing binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2,     thereby enhancing T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity.

    3. PD-L1 Inhibitors

    Drugs:

    • Atezolizumab

    • Durvalumab

    • Avelumab

    • Envafolimab (first subcutaneous     PD-L1 inhibitor, developed in China)

    Mechanism:

    • Block PD-L1, restoring immune surveillance by allowing T cells     to attack tumor cells.

    4. Bispecific Antibodies

    Drugs:

    • Tebotelimab (PD-1/PD-L1     dual-targeting antibody under investigation)

    Features:

    • Target multiple immune checkpoints simultaneously, providing a     broader immune activation.

    Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs)

    Affected Systems:

    1. Skin: Rash, pruritus.

    2. Gastrointestinal: Immune-mediated     colitis (diarrhea, bloody stools).

    3. Liver: Immune-mediated hepatitis     (elevated transaminases).

    4. Endocrine: Thyroid dysfunction     (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), diabetes, hypophysitis.

    5. Lungs: Immune-mediated pneumonitis     (cough, dyspnea).

    6. Kidneys: Acute interstitial     nephritis, anti-GBM nephritis.

    7. Other: Neurologic complications,     such as myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barré syndrome.

    Onset Timing:

    • Acute (1-2 weeks): Skin,     gastrointestinal symptoms.

    • Subacute (months later): Pulmonary,     endocrine symptoms.

    • Chronic (may persist): Renal or     thyroid dysfunction.

    Management Principles

    1. Mild Adverse Events (Grade 1):

    • Continue CPI therapy with symptomatic treatment (e.g., topical      steroids for rash).

  • Moderate Adverse Events (Grade 2):

    • Pause CPI therapy; start corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone      0.5-1 mg/kg/day).

  • Severe Adverse Events (Grade 3-4):

    • Permanently discontinue CPI therapy; escalate      immunosuppression (e.g., methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin,      or cyclophosphamide).

    Refractory Toxicity

    Treatment Strategy:

    1. Time Frame for Corticosteroid Response:

    • Most patients show improvement within days to one week      of starting glucocorticoids.

  • Additional Immunosuppressive Agents:

    • Infliximab:

      • Indications: Steroid-refractory immune-mediated colitis.

      • Mechanism: TNF-α inhibitor, reduces inflammation.

    • Vedolizumab:

      • Indications: Colitis unresponsive to steroids and TNF       inhibitors.

      • Mechanism: Targets α4β7 integrin, specifically suppressing       gut inflammation.

    • Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF):

      • Indications: Renal, pulmonary, or multisystem immune-related       toxicity.

      • Mechanism: Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, reducing immune       activation.

    Improved Memory Aids

    1. Drug Classification: "CTLA:     Two Commanders; PD-1: Six Stars; PD-L1: Four Shields"

    • CTLA-4 Inhibitors: Ipilimumab,      Tremelimumab.

    • PD-1 Inhibitors: Nivolumab,      Pembrolizumab, Cemiplimab, Toripalimab, Tislelizumab, Sintilimab.

    • PD-L1 Inhibitors: Atezolizumab,      Durvalumab, Avelumab, Envafolimab.

  • Adverse Events: "Skin, Gut,     Liver, Lungs, Kidneys, Endocrine (Thyroid)"

    • A simple mnemonic covering the most commonly affected systems.



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