何时怀疑MGRS(When to Suspect MGRS)
患者特征(Patient Characteristics):
患有非恶性或前恶性单克隆丙种球蛋白病,如未定意义的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)、惰性多发性骨髓瘤、惰性华氏巨球蛋白血症或单克隆B细胞淋巴细胞增多症(MBL),且伴有以下表现:
不明原因的肾功能损伤(unexplained kidney function impairment)。
蛋白尿(proteinuria)。
在肾病评估中**发现单克隆丙种球蛋白(通过血清或尿液蛋白电泳、免疫固定或血清游离轻链检测)**的患者。
相关研究(Related Studies):
一项对160例单克隆丙种球蛋白病患者进行肾活检的研究中,40%确诊为MGRS。
高风险因素(High-risk Factors):
每日蛋白尿≥1.5克。
血尿。
异常的血清游离轻链比例。
确诊MGRS(Establishing the Diagnosis)
肾活检的重要性(Role of Kidney Biopsy):
在大多数疑似MGRS患者中,肾活检是确诊的关键,除非存在禁忌症。
诊断标准(Diagnostic Criteria):
肾组织中发现单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积。
沉积需通过免疫荧光技术证实为单一类别的轻链和/或重链。
肾活检是唯一能证明单克隆蛋白肾毒性的检查手段。仅凭血清或尿液中发现单克隆蛋白,并不能直接证明其与肾病的因果关系。
可推迟肾活检的情况(When Biopsy Can Be Deferred):
确诊为免疫球蛋白轻链(AL)淀粉样变且非肾组织活检已证实的患者,表现为:
蛋白尿或肾病综合征。
实验室异常符合范可尼综合征(Fanconi syndrome),如:
氨基酸尿、非高血糖性糖尿、低磷血症、低尿酸血症、亚肾病范围蛋白尿。
C3肾小球肾炎中的特殊情况(Special Cases in C3 Glomerulonephritis):
对标准免疫荧光未检测到单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积的患者,应进行蛋白酶消化后的石蜡免疫荧光,以揭示隐藏的单克隆沉积。
如果仍未发现沉积,但血清或尿液检测到单克隆蛋白,可以结合补体异常评估(如C3肾炎因子、抗补体因子H抗体)以确诊C3肾小球病伴单克隆丙种球蛋白病。
注意事项(Important Considerations):
在增生性肾小球肾炎伴单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积(PGNMID)的患者中,70-80%的病例血液中检测不到单克隆蛋白,其单克隆蛋白仅存在于肾组织中。
后续评估(Subsequent Evaluation)
血液学评估(Hematologic Evaluation):
单克隆蛋白检测(Monoclonal Protein Testing):
血清蛋白电泳(SPEP)、免疫固定(IFE)。
24小时尿蛋白电泳(UPEP)和免疫固定。
血清游离轻链检测(FLC)。
**注意:**尿液游离轻链检测目前未显示对MGRS有明确意义。
必须匹配检测到的循环单克隆蛋白类型和肾组织中的单克隆蛋白沉积类型。
骨髓检查(Bone Marrow Examination):
包括免疫组化和流式细胞术,检测B细胞和浆细胞的克隆性。
染色应包括kappa和lambda轻链,以验证肾中沉积的克隆性轻链是否一致。
必要时进行细胞遗传学和荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析以指导治疗。
影像学检查(Imaging Studies):
对IgM单克隆蛋白或其他检测不到克隆的患者,建议胸、腹、盆腔CT或结合PET检查,以寻找B细胞克隆。
外周血淋巴细胞流式细胞术,可检测小型低级别克隆。
肾外表现评估(Evaluation of Extrarenal Manifestations):
对可能伴有肾外表现的MGRS类型(如AL淀粉样变、单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积病[MIDD]、单克隆[Ⅰ型]冷球蛋白血症)进行疾病特异性评估。
快速记忆法
“MGRS诊断口诀:PRO-KIDNEY”
P: Proteinuria ≥1.5 g/day(蛋白尿≥1.5克)。
R: Restricted monoclonal deposits(单克隆沉积)。
O: Organ-specific biopsy(器官特异性活检)。
K: Kidney lesions establish diagnosis(肾损伤确立诊断)。
I: Immunofluorescence for light chains(免疫荧光检测轻链)。
D: Detect circulating monoclonal protein(检测循环单克隆蛋白)。
N: Nephrotoxicity proves causality(肾毒性证实因果关系)。
E: Evaluate extrarenal manifestations(评估肾外表现)。
Y: Yield comprehensive hematologic testing(进行全面血液学检查)。
Patient Characteristics:
Nonmalignant or premalignant monoclonal gammopathy (e.g., monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance [MGUS], smoldering multiple myeloma, smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia, or monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis [MBL]) combined with:
Unexplained kidney function impairment.
Proteinuria.
Patients who are found to have monoclonal gammopathy during their evaluation for kidney disease (via serum or urine protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, or serum free light chain assay).
Related Studies:
In a study of 160 patients with monoclonal gammopathy who underwent kidney biopsy, 40% were found to have MGRS-related lesions.
High-risk factors include:
Proteinuria ≥1.5 g/day.
Hematuria.
Abnormal serum free light chain ratio.
Establishing the Diagnosis
Importance of Kidney Biopsy:
In most suspected MGRS cases, kidney biopsy is the gold standard, unless contraindicated.
Diagnostic Criteria:
Presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits in kidney tissue.
Deposits must show restriction to a single class of light and/or heavy chains confirmed by immunofluorescence.
Kidney biopsy is the only way to demonstrate the nephrotoxicity of the monoclonal protein, as the presence of monoclonal proteins in serum or urine alone does not establish causality for kidney disease.
When Biopsy Can Be Deferred:
Established diagnosis of AL amyloidosis based on non-kidney biopsies, especially in patients with:
Proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome.
Laboratory findings consistent with Fanconi syndrome, such as:
Aminoaciduria, normoglycemic glycosuria, hypophosphatemia, hypouricemia, and subnephrotic-range proteinuria.
Special Cases in C3 Glomerulonephritis:
If standard immunofluorescence fails to detect monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits, paraffin immunofluorescence after protease digestion should be performed to unmask hidden deposits.
If monoclonal deposits remain undetected, circulating monoclonal proteins should be confirmed through serum or urine testing. Additionally, alternative complement pathway evaluation (e.g., testing for C3 nephritic factor, anti-complement factor H antibodies) is essential.
Important Considerations:
In proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits (PGNMID), 70–80% of cases lack detectable circulating monoclonal proteins, with monoclonal deposits restricted to the kidney.
Subsequent Evaluation
Hematologic Assessment:
Monoclonal Protein Testing:
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and immunofixation (IFE).
24-hour urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) and immunofixation.
Serum free light chain (FLC) assay.
Note: Urine FLC testing is not recommended due to lack of clinical utility in MGRS.
Ensure the type of detected monoclonal protein matches the kidney deposits.
Bone Marrow Examination:
Includes immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry to detect clonal B cells and plasma cells.
Light chain restriction (kappa or lambda) staining is necessary to confirm clonal consistency with kidney deposits.
Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) may guide therapy in specific cases.
Imaging Studies:
For patients with IgM monoclonal proteins or undetectable clones, perform CT of the chest, abdomen, pelvis or PET scans to identify B-cell clones.
Peripheral blood lymphocyte flow cytometry can detect small, low-grade clones.
Evaluation of Extrarenal Manifestations:
Assess for extrarenal manifestations in MGRS types prone to systemic involvement, such as:
AL amyloidosis.
Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD).
Monoclonal (Type I) cryoglobulinemia.