中文总结
乙型肝炎(HBV)感染通过一系列血清标志物的动态变化来定义不同的感染状态:
乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)
意义:HBsAg是HBV感染的主要血清学标志。
检测时间:暴露后1-10周出现,通常早于ALT升高或急性症状。
临床意义:
HBsAg在急性感染后的4-6个月内清除,持续阳性超过6个月提示慢性感染。
慢性感染患者每年HBsAg清除率约为0.5%。
表面抗体(Anti-HBs)
意义:HBsAg消失后出现的免疫标志物。
临床意义:
提示患者从急性感染中恢复并获得长期免疫力。
部分患者可能因抗体水平下降仅表现为核心抗体(Anti-HBc)阳性。
核心抗体(Anti-HBc)
类别:IgM和IgG抗体。
临床意义:
IgM抗体:窗口期重要诊断标志,可持续至感染后两年。
IgG抗体:提示既往或慢性感染,常伴随HBsAg或Anti-HBs。
e抗原与抗体(HBeAg与Anti-HBe)
HBeAg:提示高病毒复制及传染性。
Anti-HBe:提示病毒复制减少或疾病缓解。
HBV DNA
检测方法:定量PCR。
临床意义:
定量评估病毒复制负荷。
指导治疗阈值:
HBeAg阳性患者:>20,000 IU/mL。
HBeAg阴性患者:>2,000 IU/mL。
核心记忆点:
HBsAg > 6个月:慢性感染标志。
Anti-HBs 阳性:康复或疫苗接种。
IgM Anti-HBc:急性感染或近期感染。
HBeAg 转 Anti-HBe:病毒复制减少。
HBV DNA:监测复制水平,指导治疗。
特别提示:孤立性抗核心抗体(Anti-HBc)
孤立性Anti-HBc可能提示以下情况,需要通过HBV DNA检测进一步确认:
窗口期: 发生于急性感染期间。
慢性低水平感染: 持续感染但HBsAg检测不到。
假阳性: 常见于低风险人群。
英文总结:
Dynamic Changes in Serologic Markers Define Different Infection States in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection:
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)
Significance:
HBsAg is the primary serologic marker of HBV infection.Detection Timeline:
Appears 1–10 weeks after exposure, usually before ALT elevation or the onset of acute symptoms.Clinical Significance:
Acute Infection:
HBsAg clears within 4–6 months after acute infection.Chronic Infection:
Persistence of HBsAg for more than six months indicates chronic infection.
The annual clearance rate of HBsAg in chronic infection is approximately 0.5%.
Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (Anti-HBs)
Significance:
An immune marker that appears after the clearance of HBsAg.Clinical Significance:
Indicates recovery from acute infection and acquisition of long-term immunity.
In some patients, declining antibody levels may result in the presence of only hepatitis B core antibody (Anti-HBc).
Hepatitis B Core Antibody (Anti-HBc)
Categories:
Includes IgM and IgG antibodies.Clinical Significance:
IgM Antibody:
A critical diagnostic marker during the window period, detectable for up to two years post-infection.IgG Antibody:
Indicates past or chronic infection, often coexisting with HBsAg or Anti-HBs.
Hepatitis B e Antigen and Antibody (HBeAg and Anti-HBe)
HBeAg:
Indicates high viral replication and infectivity.Anti-HBe:
Suggests reduced viral replication or disease remission.
HBV DNA
Detection Method:
Quantitative PCR.Clinical Significance:
HBeAg-positive patients: >20,000 IU/mL.
HBeAg-negative patients: >2,000 IU/mL.
Enables quantitative assessment of viral replication burden.
Treatment Thresholds:
Key Points for Memory:
HBsAg > 6 months: Marker of chronic infection.
Anti-HBs Positive: Indicates recovery or vaccination.
IgM Anti-HBc: Marker of acute or recent infection.
HBeAg to Anti-HBe Conversion: Signifies reduced viral replication.
HBV DNA: Monitors replication levels and guides treatment.
Special Note: Isolated Anti-HBc
Isolated Anti-HBc may indicate the following and requires confirmation with HBV DNA testing:
Window Period: During acute infection.
Chronic Low-Level Infection: Persistent but undetectable HBsAg.
False Positive: Common in low-risk individuals.
乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染不同阶段的诊断
1. Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection (急性乙型肝炎)
标志物 | 早期阶段 | 窗口期 | 恢复期 |
---|---|---|---|
HBsAg | + | – | – |
HBeAg | + | – | – |
IgM anti-HBc | + | + | + |
Total anti-HBc | ± | ± | + |
Anti-HBs | – | – | + |
Anti-HBe | – | – | ± |
HBV DNA | +++ | + | ± |
ALT | 升高 | 升高 | 正常 |
解释 | 早期急性感染 | 窗口期(HBsAg消失, anti-HBs尚未产生) | 恢复阶段,具有抗HBs抗体 |
2. Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection (慢性乙型肝炎)
HBsAg 持续阳性超过 6 个月。
(1) Immune-tolerant phase (免疫耐受期)
标志物 | 状态 |
---|---|
HBsAg | + |
HBeAg | + |
IgM anti-HBc | – |
Total anti-HBc | + |
Anti-HBs | – |
Anti-HBe | – |
HBV DNA | +++ (>1,000,000 IU/mL) |
ALT | 正常或轻度升高 |
解释 | 通常见于围产期感染者,肝组织炎症轻微,无纤维化。 |
(2) Immune-active phase, HBeAg-positive (免疫活跃期, HBeAg阳性)
标志物 | 状态 |
---|---|
HBsAg | + |
HBeAg | + |
IgM anti-HBc | – |
Total anti-HBc | + |
Anti-HBs | – |
Anti-HBe | – |
HBV DNA | +++ (>20,000 IU/mL) |
ALT | 持续升高 |
解释 | 病毒高复制伴活动性肝炎。 |
(3) Immune-active phase, HBeAg-negative (免疫活跃期, HBeAg阴性)
标志物 | 状态 |
---|---|
HBsAg | + |
HBeAg | – |
IgM anti-HBc | – |
Total anti-HBc | + |
Anti-HBs | – |
Anti-HBe | + |
HBV DNA | ++ (>2,000 IU/mL) |
ALT | 升高 |
解释 | 通常伴随变异株感染,肝炎活动性增加。 |
(4) Inactive Chronic HBV (非活动性携带者)
标志物 | 状态 |
---|---|
HBsAg | + |
HBeAg | – |
IgM anti-HBc | – |
Total anti-HBc | + |
Anti-HBs | ± |
Anti-HBe | + |
HBV DNA | – to ++ (≤2,000 IU/mL) |
ALT | 正常或轻度升高 |
解释 | 病毒低复制,肝炎不活动。 |
3. Occult HBV Infection (隐匿性乙型肝炎)
标志物 | 状态 |
---|---|
HBsAg | – |
HBeAg | – |
IgM anti-HBc | ± |
Total anti-HBc | 一般阳性 |
Anti-HBs | ± |
Anti-HBe | ± |
HBV DNA | 肝脏可检测,血清水平低或不可检测 |
ALT | 正常 |
解释 | HBsAg消失但病毒DNA仍存在,部分患者为肝病进展或癌症风险增加。 |
快速记忆方法
急性期
早期—窗口—恢复:
HBsAg 阳性 + ALT 升高:早期;
Anti-HBc IgM 阳性 + ALT 升高:窗口期;
Anti-HBs 阳性 + ALT 正常:恢复期。
慢性期
耐—活—非:
免疫耐受期:HBV DNA 高,ALT 正常,HBeAg 阳性。
免疫活跃期:HBV DNA 高,ALT 升高,HBeAg 阳性/阴性。
非活动性携带:HBV DNA 低或阴性,ALT 正常,HBeAg 阴性。
隐匿感染
HBsAg 阴性但 HBV DNA 可检测,需高度关注慢性肝病和肝癌风险。
通过掌握急-慢-隐三分类及关键标志物变化,可快速评估乙型肝炎不同阶段。
参考文献:
UpTodate
StatPearls-HBV