外刊阅读 | 生活科学 | 量子力学：微观宇宙的奇幻法则

For people working in manual labor, however, the increased physical activity can work against them, a phenomenon known as the physical activity paradox.

paradox   n.矛盾的情况；悖论

然而，对于从事体力劳动的人来说，增加的体力活动可能对他们不利，这种现象被称为体力活动悖论。

Quantum mechanics:

Definitions, axioms, and key concepts of quantum physics

量子力学：量子物理学的定义、公理和关键概念

1

At the smallest scales, the universe behaves very differently than the everyday world we observe around us. Quantum mechanics is the subfield of physics that describes this bizarre behavior of microscopic particles — atoms, electrons, photons and almost everything else in the molecular and submolecular realm. Developed during the first half of the 20th century, the results of quantum mechanics are often extremely strange and counterintuitive.However, studying them has allowed physicists to reach a greater understanding about the nature of the universe, and could one day change the way we as humans process information.

At the scale of atoms and electrons, many of the equations of classical mechanics, which describe the movement and interactions of things at everyday sizes and speeds, cease to be useful. In classical mechanics, objects exist in a specific place at a specific time. In quantum mechanics, objects instead exist in a haze of probability; they have a certain chance of being at point A, another chance of being at point B and so on.

In 1900, German physicist Max Planck was trying to explain why objects at specific temperatures, like the 1,470-degree-Fahrenheit (800 degrees Celsius) filament of a light bulb, glowed a specific color — in this case, red, according to the Perimeter Institute. Planck realized that equations used by physicist Ludwig Boltzmann to describe the behavior of gases could be translated into an explanation for this relationship between temperature and color. The problem was that Boltzmann's work relied on the fact that any given gas was made from tiny particles, meaning that light, too, was made from discrete bits. This idea flew in the face of ideas about light at the time, when most physicists believed that light was a continuous wave and not a tiny packet. Planck himself didn't believe in either atoms or discrete bits of light, but his concept was given a boost in 1905, when Einstein published a paper, "Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light." 

Einstein envisioned light traveling not as a wave, but as some manner of "energy quanta." This packet of energy, Einstein suggested in his paper, could "be absorbed or generated only as a whole," specifically when an atom "jumps" between quantized vibration rates. This is where the "quantum" part of quantum mechanics comes from.With this new way to conceive of light, Einstein offered insights into the behavior of nine phenomena in his paper, including the specific colors that Planck described being emitted from a light bulb filament. It also explained how certain colors of light could eject electrons off metal surfaces — a phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect.

Schrödinger and Einstein helped highlight another strange result of quantum mechanics that neither could fully fathom. In 1935, Einstein, along with physicists Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, showed that two quantum particles can be set up so that their quantum states would always be correlated with one another, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The particles essentially always "knew" about each other's properties. That means that measuring the state of one particle would instantaneously tell you the state of its twin, no matter how far apart they were, a result that Einstein called "spooky action at a distance," but which Schrödinger soon dubbed "entanglement."Entanglement has been shown to be one of the most essential aspects of quantum mechanics and occurs in the real world all the time. Researchers frequently conduct experiments using quantum entanglement and the phenomenon is part of the basis for the emerging field of quantum computing.

Einstein's relativity describes large and massive things, while quantum mechanics describes small and insubstantial things. 

爱因斯坦的相对论描述了大而重的事物，而量子力学描述了小而无形的事物。

The new chip, called "Xiaohong," is the biggest /built by China to date and is designed to improve systems /that manage the behavior and interaction of quantum bits, or qubits, in quantum computers, state-owned China Daily reported. 

句子主干是：The new chip is the biggest  and is designed to...

built by China to date 是过去分词短语作后置定语，and is designed to improve systems 是并列谓语部分，that manage the behavior and interaction ... 是定语从句，修饰先行词systems.

翻译：据《中国日报》报道，这款被称为“小红”的芯片是中国迄今为止制造的最大芯片，旨在改进量子计算机中管理量子比特（或称为量子位）的行为和交互的系统。

Many researchers have sought a theory of quantum gravity, which would introduce gravity into quantum mechanics and explain everything from the subatomic to the supergalactic realms.

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