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上期划线句答案
Having taught and written for a number of years in the areas of ethics and moral psychology, one of the central ideas that I have tried to explain and make more vivid is that morality is something that we do together, that our ideas about who we are require each other’s engaged participation, and that an empathetic openness not only to each other’s moral agency, but to each other’s emotional states, is central to our shared lifeworld.
我在道德和道德心理学领域多年从事教学和写作工作，努力解释并试图形象展现的一个关键观点是，道德是我们共同创造的，我们对自我的认知需要彼此的积极参与，以共情开放的态度对待他人的道德自主性以及情感状态是我们共同生活的世界的核心。
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本期内容
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双语阅读
Para.1
Multinational companies seeking growth opportunities often find them when they enter new countries. Previous research has emphasized the liabilities of foreignness, i.e., the many disadvantages foreign companies face as they do business in new markets. To overcome these liabilities, corporations are often recommended to adapt to local rules. However, as they adapt their strategies and practices to local ones, they risk losing the very basis for their internationalization and advantage over local competitors: the integration of operations across markets. While this tradeoff is an ongoing dilemma in international business, little is known about alternative tactics. What are other ways in which multinational companies proactively manage local rules and institutions?
Para.2
Avoid. Some of the companies in our study employed the tactic of ignoring or bypassing local rules and keeping to their usual business operations. This tactic is most commonly used when firms can leverage uncertainties around both host country rules and their position as a foreign outsider. For example, when Autoliv, a Swedish company that pioneered seat belt technologies, introduced airbags — a product that was contentious and questioned by automakers at the time — into the U.S. market, it was able to take advantage of its position as an outsider firm to challenge local norms, practices, and products.
Para.3
Alter. Some corporations replicate previous adjustments made in other markets with similar local rules. This tactic is best used in situations where conflicts with local rules are moderate, and it’s possible to sacrifice some integration efficiencies. Volvo Trucks, the Swedish global heavy truck manufacturer, used this tactic when they introduced an innovative type of automated manual transmission to France. They had previously introduced the technology in Germany, where the company learned how original business operations could be adjusted to reach a larger penetration. Consequently, Volvo only did minor tweaking of the transmission to conform to the French market, such as optimizing the software for local road conditions.
Para.4
Adapt. This is a commonly recognized strategy, in which multinationals actively conform to host-country norms and expectations. Adaptation does not necessarily imply a reduction in competitive advantage — multinationals can sometimes derive significant benefits from adapting to local norms. This strategy is used where there is significant friction in relation to local laws and customs, and firms face clear expectations and behavior norms.
Para.5
Imitate. Imitation is a suitable tactic for places with little or no local rules friction. Here, corporations maximize integration of business operations by entering markets where they already fit. This is done by coordinating with headquarters, often through expatriates, to ensure operations do not deviate too much from the corporate standard.
本文节选自：Harvard Business Review（哈佛商业评论）
发布时间：2024.9.19
作者：International business
原文标题：Research: How Should Multinational Firms Navigate Local Rules?
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写作句总结
To overcome these liabilities, corporations are often recommended to adapt to local rules.
结构：To overcome these liabilities, … are often recommended to adapt to local rules.
为了克服这些劣势，…得到的建议通常是适应当地规则。
例句：To overcome these liabilities, overseas students are often recommended to adapt to local rules.
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阅读理解题
Based on the article, which of the following strategies involves a multinational company modifying its operations based on prior experiences in other markets?
A) Adapt
B) Imitate
C) Alter
D) Avoid
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全文概括
This text explores the challenges multinational companies face when expanding into new markets. While previous research has highlighted the difficulties these companies encounter due to their foreign status, this excerpt focuses on alternative strategies for managing local rules and institutions. It presents four tactics: avoiding local rules, adapting to local norms, replicating adjustments from similar markets, and imitating existing practices. Each tactic is presented with its advantages, limitations, and specific situations in which it is most effective.
The text emphasizes the delicate balance between adapting to local environments and maintaining the multinational's global integration and competitive advantage.
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翻译 | 大橙子
校对 | 李柚子
词汇词组 | 西西弗
划线句讲解 | 流木
写作句总结 | 沅沅
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