The Eight-Nation Alliance refers to the military coalition formed by Russia, Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Japan, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, which was assembled to oppose the Qing Dynasty troops and the Boxer Rebellion after Empress Dowager Cixi issued the declaration of war in the name of the Guangxu Emperor on June 21, 1900.
八国联军是指1900年（清光绪二十六年）6月21日慈禧太后以光绪皇帝的名义发布《宣战诏书》之后，以军事行动对抗清朝军队及义和团而组成的俄国、英国、美国、法国、德国、日本、奥匈帝国、意大利八国联合军队。
In 1894, the Qing Dynasty was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War. In 1895, the Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan, which not only imposed enormous indemnities but also granted Japan the rights to open ports and conduct trade. This led to a significant influx of foreign industrial products and missionaries into China
1894年，清朝在甲午战争中战败。1895年，清朝与日本签订《马关条约》，除了巨额赔款外，还向日本开放了通航和通商权利，大量外国工业品和传教士随之进入中国。
On November 1, 1897, the Caozhou incident occurred in Juye County, Shandong Province, although the perpetrators were not identified, on November 14, 1897, the German army seized Jiaozhou Bay, and other powers such as Russia, Britain, France, and Japan quickly armed themselves to compete for colonies, expelling local Qing officials and spreading Christianity to consolidate their colonies, while the Qing government failed to respond effectively.
1897年11月1日山东省曹州府巨野县发生曹州教案，虽未查明凶手，但1897年11月14日德军借此强占胶州湾，俄罗斯、英国、法国和日本等列强亦随即武装争夺殖民地，驱逐当地清朝官员，并传播基督教，清政府未能作出有效反制。
In 1898, Zhao Sanduo, a Plum Blossom Fist practitioner, first proposed the slogan "Support the Qing Dynasty and Destroy the Foreigners."
1898年梅花拳拳师赵三多首次提出“扶清灭洋”的口号。
On October 17, 1899, Zhu Hongdeng led a local militia to clash with local officials in Pingyuan County, Shandong Province. The local magistrate, Jiang Kai, went to suppress them, and on the 18th, engaged in battle with 700 Qing soldiers at Senluo Temple, resulting in over a dozen casualties among the Qing troops. The militia began to call themselves "Boxer" and widely accepted the slogan, initiating activities to "support the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreigners," marching to Beijing to "defend the king," killing foreigners and intimidating Chinese Christians, attacking foreign embassies and institutions, burning churches, destroying foreign-owned businesses, and attacking the Tianjin concession. Foreign diplomats demanded that the Qing government suppress the Boxers, but their requests were not addressed.
1899年10月17日，朱红灯率团民在山东省西北的平原县发生民教冲突，平原知县蒋楷前去镇压，18日在森罗殿与清军七百人交战，激战数小时，清军伤亡十余人，民团首次开始自称为“义和团”并广为接受，开始“扶清灭洋”活动，大举进京“勤王”，杀害外国人及恐吓中国基督徒，攻击外国使馆和机构，烧教堂破坏捣毁洋行与售卖洋货的商铺，并攻进天津租界，各国公使要求清廷取缔义和团，但未获回应。
On May 31, 1900, the Boxer Rebellion spread to Beijing, where the embassies in Dongjiaominxiang repeatedly demanded "increased protection of the embassies" and requested that troops be stationed in Beijing. The Qing government asked embassy staff to temporarily leave the city, but the foreign powers refused, forcing the Qing government to allow six countries—Britain, Russia, France, the United States, Italy, and Japan—to dispatch 349 naval personnel and marines from Tianjin, who arrived in Beijing by train that evening.
1900年5月31日，义和团运动波及北京，东交民巷的各国大使馆多次要求“加强保护使馆”，并借此要求在北京驻军。清廷要求各使馆人员暂离京回避，各国不允，清廷反而被迫允许英、俄、法、美、意、日六国从天津派海军官兵及陆战队，共349人登岸，乘火车于当晚抵京。
On June 3, Germany and Austria sent 83 more troops to Beijing.
6月3日，德、奥又派兵83人至京。
On June 10, communication with the embassies in Beijing was cut off, and after a meeting of consuls and naval officers in Tianjin, it was decided to form a security coalition force of about 2,000 people, led by British Admiral Seymour, who would travel to Beijing by train the next day.
6月10日，北京使馆对外通讯断绝，各国驻天津领事及海军将领召开会议后，决定在清朝许可的军队之外，组成约2000人治安联军，由英国海军中将西摩尔率领于次日乘火车前往北京。
At this time, defensive works began to be constructed outside the embassy walls in Dongjiaominxiang, with British Minister Sir Claude MacDonald in charge of the defense.
此时北京东交民巷各使馆围墙外开始筑起防御工事，由英国全权公使窦纳乐负责指挥守卫。
Approximately 3,000 people were surrounded in the embassy area, including 2,000 Chinese seeking protection, 400 foreign men, 147 women, and 76 children. The defenders included 409 foreign naval officers and marines, equipped with three machine guns and four small cannons. There were sufficient wells and food supplies within the embassy. The British embassy even had 150 horses available for consumption.
使馆区内被围者约三千人，当中二千人为寻求保护之华人，外国男性400人，女性147人，儿童76人。保护使馆的包括409名外国海军官兵及陆战队员，配备三挺机关枪及四门小火炮。使馆内有足够水井及粮食。英使馆内更有小马150匹可供食用。
On June 11, the Japanese embassy secretary Sugiyama was killed by newly arrived Manchu troops, who cut open his abdomen, ripped out his heart, and trampled his body with horses.
6月11日，前往接应西摩尔的日本驻清使馆书记杉山彬被刚调入京的甘军所杀，被开腹剖心，并遭马蹄踏尸。
On June 11, Admiral Seymour's coalition of over 2,000 troops set out from Dagu, passing through Tianjin, aiming to enter Beijing.
6月11日，西摩尔率领之联军二千余人，从大沽出发，经天津，欲进入北京。
On June 12, the Boxers, in response to the invaders, destroyed the railway between Tianjin and Beijing and, in conjunction with Qing troops under Dong Fuxiang and Nie Shicheng, surrounded the coalition forces that had intruded into the city between Langfang and Yangcun.
6月12日，义和团为应对外来者，拆毁天津到北京的铁路，与清军董福祥、聂士成部队联合作战在廊坊和杨村之间，包围擅自闯入的联军。
Thousands of Boxers and 2,000 Qing soldiers (under Nie Shicheng) blocked the coalition’s entry into Beijing at Langfang, resulting in over 300 casualties among the coalition forces, with the exact number of Boxer casualties unknown.
数千团民及二千名清军（聂士成指挥之武卫前军）在廊坊阻滞联军入京，偷袭中联军死伤三百余人，义和团死伤人数不详。
On June 14, German envoy Clemens attacked the Boxers gathered around the embassy area in Beijing and ordered that they be killed without mercy, resulting in about 30 deaths.
6月14日，德国驻华公使克林德，在京率军攻击围聚在使馆周围的义和团民，下令见义和团民杀无赦，击毙约30人。
On the evening of June 15, the Tianjin Boxers decided to launch an attack on the Tianjin concession's "Purple Bamboo Forest" with over 400 people.
6月15日晚，天津义和团决定以400余人开始攻进天津租界“紫竹林”。
On June 16, the telegraph communication from the Tianjin concessions was cut off. The naval commanders of the foreign powers decided to occupy the Dagu Fort.
6月16日，天津租界对外电报中断。各国海军将领决定占领大沽口炮台。
On the 17th, the Qing troops stationed at Dagu Fort sank six warships and killed over two hundred enemy soldiers before the commander, Luo Rongguang, was shot and killed, resulting in the fort's loss.
17日留守大沽口清军击沉六艘军舰，杀敌两百余人后，守将罗荣光中弹阵亡，炮台失守。
On the same day, Empress Dowager Cixi convened a court meeting and issued an edict to disband the Boxer forces, attempting to ease the situation.
同日，慈禧召开御前会议，发出解散义和团民的上谕，试图缓和局势。
On June 17, Empress Dowager Cixi received incorrect intelligence indicating that the foreigners were refusing to leave Beijing and had sent troops in large numbers under the guise of protecting the embassies, also to force her to return power to Emperor Guangxu.
6月17日，慈禧收到一则错误情报，其中表示洋人不肯离京暂避，而以保卫使馆名义向北京大举派兵，亦为逼她归政光绪帝；
As a result, she reversed her stance entirely and ordered the garrison commander, Zhang Xun, to lead the infantry, and appointed loyalists such as Guangyi, Zaiyi, Zailian, and Zailan to lead the Boxer forces.
于是态度一百八十度转变，命留守派载勋任步军统领，会刚毅、载漪、载澜等亲贵统领义和团。
On June 20, the German Minister to China, Klemens, went to the Qing Court's Foreign Affairs Office on behalf of the foreign powers to demand protection for the embassy area but was ambushed and killed by Qing troops from the Divine Machine Camp.
6月20日，德驻华公使克林德代表各国前往清廷总理府衙门，要求保护使馆区，途中被清军神机营军官恩海伏击杀死。
On June 21, 1900, Empress Dowager Cixi, in the name of Emperor Guangxu, officially issued the "Declaration of War," and the war began.
1900年6月21日，慈禧太后以光绪帝的名义，正式公布“宣战诏书”，战争爆发。
The decree called on the entire nation to resist foreign invaders and also offered monetary rewards for killing foreigners: "50 taels for killing a foreign man, 40 taels for a foreign woman, and 30 taels for a foreign child."
诏书号召全国军民抵抗外国侵略者；同时，还以银两悬赏捕杀洋人：“杀洋人一赏五十两、洋妇四十两、洋孩三十两”。
The Boxers and the government troops (mainly the Gansu army under Ronglu) began to besiege the embassy area.
义和团及官军（主要为荣禄手下之甘军）开始围攻使馆区。
After the declaration of war, thousands of Russian, British, German, and American troops stormed into the Zizhu Lin concession on the west bank of the Haihe River in Tianjin and launched an attack on the city and its outskirts.
慈禧宣战后，俄、英、德、美援军数千人，闯入天津海河西岸紫竹林租界，对天津城及其外围发动进攻，
The Boxers were involved in the defense of Tianjin.
义和团投入天津保卫战。
Dong Fuxiang led a portion of the Boxers to attack the Old Dragon Head railway station, killing and wounding over 500 Russian soldiers (some say 112).
董福祥率义和团一部进攻老龙头火车站，毙伤俄军500余名（一说112人），
Zhang Decheng led the Boxers and some Qing troops to lay siege to Zizhu Lin, using the "fire oxen array" to clear mines and storm into the concession.
张德成率义和团及清军一部围攻紫竹林，以“火牛阵”踏雷区，冲入租界。
Qing troops under Nie Shicheng held out in the area of Haiguang Temple in the southern part of the city.
聂士成部清军坚守城南海光寺一带。
On July 9, in the Battle of Balitai, Nie Shicheng was shot seven times and died.
7月9日，八里台一战，聂士成身中7弹阵亡。
On July 14, the allied forces captured Tianjin at the cost of over 900 casualties (some say 882).
7月14日，联军以伤亡900余人（一说882人）的代价攻陷天津。
The defending commander, Nie Shicheng, had previously suppressed the Boxers and had ongoing conflicts with them.
守将聂士成曾镇压义和团，一直与团民有矛盾，
The Boxers were considered disorganized bandits by Nie, and the Boxers sent to the front lines were mowed down by machine guns of the allied forces, then again shot by Nie's troops when they retreated, resulting in heavy casualties and leading to an attack on Nie's rear after his death.
认为其无组织纪律是拳匪，而团民则被聂派上前线，遭联军机枪扫射，撤回时又遭聂军机枪扫射，死伤惨重，导致在聂阵亡后偷袭其部后方。
On July 16, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orchestrated the Hailanpao massacre, where thousands of Chinese residents in Hailanpao were killed by Russian troops, with fewer than a hundred escaping by swimming.
7月16日，俄罗斯沙皇尼古拉二世制造海兰泡惨案，居住在海兰泡的数千名中国人被俄罗斯军队杀害，泅水逃生的不到百人。
From July 17 to 21, Russian troops subsequently rounded up over ten thousand residents of the Jiangdong Sixty-Four Villages, killing them by gunfire or axe along the banks of the Heilongjiang River, with only a few surviving by swimming.
17－21日，俄军又先后将江东六十四屯居民万余人赶至黑龙江边枪杀或用斧头砍死，剩下的跳入黑龙江，只有极少人泅水得生。
On August 28, Russian troops captured Qiqihar, and General Shoushan of Heilongjiang committed suicide.
8月28日，俄军攻占齐齐哈尔，黑龙江将军寿山自杀；
On September 22, they captured Jilin, on the 28th, they captured Liaoyang, and on October 1, they entered Shengjing (Shenyang).
9月22日，占领吉林，28日，占领辽阳；10月1日，进入盛京（沈阳）。
In the early morning of August 14, over 20,000 allied troops arrived outside Beijing and began attacking the city, targeting the Dongbianmen, Chaoyangmen, and Dongzhimen.
8月14日凌晨，联军两万余人来到北京城外，发起攻打北京，进攻东便门、朝阳门、东直门，
Yuan Shikai avoided confrontation to preserve his strength.
袁世凯为了保存实力，避而不战。
By mid-August, the forces that moved from Tianjin to Beijing actually comprised only seven nations (two of which had only symbolic flag bearers), totaling about 16,000 troops.
8月中从天津进至北京的部队其实只有七国（当中两国只为象征式的掌旗兵）约一万六千人。
They included: 8,000 Japanese troops, 4,800 Russian troops, 3,000 British troops (mainly Indians, including Chinese from Hong Kong and Weihaiwei), 2,100 American troops, 800 French troops (mainly Vietnamese), 50 Austrian troops, and 53 Italian troops.
分别为：日军八千人，俄军四千八百人，英军（主要由印度人组成，还包括香港及威海卫华人）三千人，美军二千一百人，法军八百人（主要由越南人组成），奥军五十人，意军五十三人。
Dong Fuxiang led the Gansu army to fight against the British troops at Guangqumen.
董福祥率甘军在广渠门与英国军队作战，
At 2 p.m., Guangqumen was captured, and Dong withdrew to the areas around Dongbianmen, Chaoyangmen, and Zhengyangmen to continue his stubborn resistance, killing Russian brigade commander Anningkov.
下午2时，广渠门被攻占，董后撤至东便门、朝阳门、正阳门一带继续顽强抵抗，击毙沙俄军团长安宁科夫。
The French authors Foppaux and Simon's "The Record of the Boxer Rebellion" notes that Dong was one of the most valiant defenders of Beijing.
法国人佛甫爱加来、施米侬所写的《庚子中外战纪》记载，董是保卫北京最为奋勇的一支部队。
Dong personally commanded the defense at Zhengyangmen, where the four-story arrow tower was reduced to two stories after prolonged bombardment.
董亲自提刀在正阳门督战，正阳门四层箭楼被大炮长时间轰击为两层。
Some of Dong’s elite troops died defending Zhengyangmen, including Ma Fulu, his cousin Ma Fugu, Ma Fuquan, his nephew Ma Yaotu, Ma Zhaotu, and over 300 soldiers from Han, Hui, and Salar ethnic groups.
董部分嫡系部队在保卫正阳门时战死，包括马福禄及其堂弟马福贵、马福全、侄子马耀图、马兆图，汉族、回族、撒拉族兵勇共三百余人。
Ultimately, Dong retreated from Zhangyimen, and some of his remaining forces engaged in looting.
最后董从彰仪门撤走，余部有人纵马劫掠。
On August 15, the allied forces reached Beicang and, despite being resisted by Qing troops led by Ma Yukun, Lü Benyuan, and Boxer factions led by Li Laizhong, eventually captured Beicang.
8月15日，联军进抵北仓，受到清军马玉昆、吕本元等部及李来中所部义和团阻击但最终攻占北仓。
The allied forces suffered 635 casualties (some say over 400, including nearly 300 Japanese), and a poison gas cannon ("Ledy cannon") was also destroyed.
联军付出死伤635人（一说400余人。其中日军近300人），毒气炮（“列低炮”）也被击毁。
The British troops were the first to break through the city at Guangqumen.
英军率先由广渠门破城窜入。
On August 14, Beijing fell, and by the evening of the 15th, the allies had occupied the entire city.
14日，北京失陷。至15日当晚，联军已占领全城；
Under Dong Fuxiang’s protection, Empress Dowager Cixi, Guangxu, and the high officials fled Beijing in a hurry.
在董福祥护卫下，慈禧、光绪和亲贵大臣仓皇离京，
On the way, Cixi appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary representative to negotiate with the powers.
途中慈禧指定李鸿章为与列强议和全权代表。
After the Eight-Power Allied Forces occupied Beijing, on the pretext of preventing anti-foreign incidents, each country divided Beijing into different occupied areas and implemented military rule.
八国联军占领北京后，各国以防止排外事件为由，将北京划分为不同的占领区，实行军事统治。
The Japanese established the "Anmin Office" in their occupied zone, while the Germans set up the "Chinese Capture Bureau" to maintain their control.
日军在其占领区设立了“安民公所”，德军则设立了“华捕局”，以维持其控制。
During the occupation, the Eight-Nation Alliance frequently made arbitrary accusations against innocent civilians as Boxer members and executed them indiscriminately.
在占领过程中，八国联军经常随意指控无辜市民为义和团成员，不加区分地进行处决。
This behavior resulted in the death of many innocent people.
这种行为导致了大量无辜百姓的死亡。
The Eight-Nation Alliance looted extensively in Beijing and its surrounding areas, with various national troops pillaging the city and seizing a large amount of valuable cultural relics and property.
八国联军对北京及其周边地区进行了广泛的掠夺和抢劫，各国军队在城市中肆意洗劫，掠夺了大量珍贵文物和财物。
Additionally, the Eight-Nation Alliance committed severe insults and rapes against women during the occupation.
此外，八国联军在占领期间还对妇女进行了严重的侮辱和强奸。
They carried out large-scale burning and destruction in the city, with many important buildings and cultural relics being destroyed.
他们在城市中实施大规模的焚烧和破坏，许多重要的建筑和文物被毁坏。
This series of atrocities not only caused huge losses to the cultural heritage and social order of this ancient city, but also plunged the people into misery.
这一系列暴行不仅让这座古老城市的文化遗产和社会秩序遭受巨大损失，也让民众陷入了苦难之中
In September, German Army Marshal Alfred von Walderssee was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the allied forces and went to China.
9月，德国陆军元帅阿尔弗雷德·冯·瓦德西出任联军总司令赴华。
The German troops arrived in China two months after Beijing fell.
德军在北京陷落之后两个月才到达中国。
In mid-October, Walderssee led 30,000 German troops to China, capturing Baoding, Zhangjiakou, and other places.
10月中旬，德军统帅瓦德西率兵3万来华，攻占保定、张家口等地。
However, the French and German allied troops were repelled by Qing troops led by Liu Guangcai in the Jingxing and Niangziguan areas.
但法、德联军在侵犯井陉、娘子关一带时，受到清军刘光才部的阻击后败退。
The Eight-Nation Alliance increased its troops significantly and launched a full-scale campaign to suppress the Boxers, with Qing troops assisting in the effort.
八国联军大举增兵，全力清剿义和团，清军配合清剿。
Troops from Beijing and Tianjin were dispatched to attack Shanhaiguan, Baoding, Zhengding, and even entered Shanxi Province.
由京、津出兵，分攻山海关、保定、正定等地，甚至进入山西境内。
In November, Russia demanded that the governor of Fengtian, Zeng Qi, sign the "Temporary Provisions for the Cession of Fengtian," legalizing the military occupation and fixing Russia's exclusive control over the three northeastern provinces.
11月，俄罗斯要求奉天将军增祺签订《奉天交地暂且章程》，要求把军事占领合法化，把俄罗斯独占东三省以法律形式固定下来，
Due to opposition from the Qing government and other powers, the demand was annulled.
因遭清政府及列强反对而作废。
However, Russia continued to delay withdrawing its troops, maintaining effective control over the northeast until the end of the Russo-Japanese War.
但俄罗斯一直拖延撤军，实质控制东北，直到日俄战争结束。
Russia acquired significant gold mines, coal mines, and forest resources in northeastern China.
俄罗斯得到大量中国东北的金矿、煤矿和森林资源。
On December 22, envoys from eleven countries, including Britain, Russia, Germany, the United States, France, Japan, Italy, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands, and Belgium, jointly presented the "Outline of Negotiation" with twelve articles to Yikuang and Li Hongzhang.
12月22日，英、俄、德、美、法、日、意、奥以及西班牙、荷兰、比利时等十一国公使联合向奕劻、李鸿章递交《议和大纲》十二条。
On December 27, the Qing government agreed to accept the terms.
清政府于27日同意接受。
On January 15, 1901, Yikuang and Li Hongzhang formally signed the twelve articles of the "Outline of Negotiation."
1901年1月15日，奕劻、李鸿章在《议和大纲》十二条上正式签字画押。
On February 21, Empress Dowager Cixi accepted the list of twelve people to be executed as demanded by the powers, including Zaiyi, Zailan, Zaixun, Yingnian, Zhao Shuqiao, Yuxian, Qixiu, Xu Chengyu, Xu Tong, Gangyi, Li Bingheng, and Dong Fuxiang.
2月21日，慈禧太后接受了列强要求处死的十二人名单，即载漪、载澜、载勋、英年、赵舒翘、毓贤、启秀、徐承煜、徐桐、刚毅、李秉衡、董福祥等；
By April, the number of local officials demanded to be severely punished had reached 142.
到4月，列强要求严惩的地方官员，共达142人之多。
On May 11, 1901, Yikuang and Li Hongzhang notified the foreign ministers of the total indemnity of 450 million taels.
1901年5月11日，奕劻、李鸿章照会列强公使，接受四亿五千万两赔款总额的要求。
On May 23, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany recalled Walderssee and informed the governments of the allied nations, cancelling his appointment as the commander-in-chief of the allied forces.
5月23日，德皇威廉二世电召瓦德西回国，并转告各国政府，取消他所担任的联军总司令职务。
On May 26, Empress Dowager Cixi approved the compensation of 450 million taels plus interest.
5月26日，慈禧太后照准各国赔偿四亿五千万两，四厘息。
On August 8, 1901, the Eight-Nation Alliance completed its withdrawal from Beijing.
1901年8月8日，八国联军从北京撤退完毕。
On September 7, 1901, Prince Yikuang, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Li Hongzhang, the Governor of Zhili, represented the Qing Court to sign the "Boxer Protocol" with twelve articles and its nineteen annexes with the eight powers.
1901年9月7日，总理外务部事务和硕庆亲王奕劻和文华殿大学士北洋大臣直隶总督李鸿章，代表清廷与八国签订《辛丑条约》十二款及其十九个附件。
The treaty stipulated: China was to pay 450 million taels in silver; the Beijing embassy area and the railway line from Beijing to Shanhaiguan were to be occupied by foreign troops; and the organization of anti-foreign groups by Chinese citizens was prohibited.
条约规定：中国赔银四亿五千万两；北京使馆区及北京至山海关铁路沿线交由外国驻军；禁止中国人民组织反对洋人组织等。
At this time, China was facing continuous wars and internal and external troubles, with the national treasury empty and national productivity low; therefore, the indemnity of 450 million taels could only be paid in installments, and additional loans were needed from relevant foreign banks to pay the indemnity.
中国这时战争不断，内忧外患，早已国库空虚，国民总产值低落，要付清4.5亿的战争赔款只有分期偿还，并且还向有关各国银行借债还贷用以支付赔款），被称为庚子赔款。
The Boxer Protocol stipulated that 450 million taels of silver were to be paid to the various countries, to be settled over 39 years. The total amount including interest exceeded 980 million taels of silver and was secured by customs duties and salt taxes. These two taxes were the Qing government's main sources of fiscal revenue. Controlling the customs effectively meant controlling China's finances.
《辛丑条约》规定，对各国赔款 4.5 亿两白银，分 39 年还清 ，价息合计超过 9.8 亿两白银，并以关税和盐税等作抵押。但这两项税收为清朝政府最主要的一项财政收入。控制海关就基本上能够左右中国财政。
To pay the Boxer indemnity, the Qing government had to pay over 25 million taels of silver annually. This heavy burden made it extremely difficult for the Qing government to raise funds.
为支付庚子赔款，清政府每年需赔偿 2500 多万两白银，这一沉重负担让清政府难以筹措。
Such a massive indemnity plunged China's economy into a deep recession for the following decades.
如此巨额的赔款使得中国在后来的几十年中经济陷入极度低谷
Over time, as international circumstances changed, the attitudes of various countries toward the indemnity shifted:
随着国际形势的变化，各国对赔款的态度有所改变：
In 1908, the U.S. Congress, under President Theodore Roosevelt, passed a resolution to suspend the Boxer indemnity payments and refunded half of the indemnity to fund scholarships for Chinese students.
1908 年，美国国会通过时任总统罗斯福的谘文，中止庚子赔款赔偿，退还了一半的赔款，用于资助中国留学生。
The establishment of Tsinghua University also occurred against this backdrop.
清华大学也是在这样的背景下建立。
After World War I ended in 1918, with Germany’s defeat and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Beiyang Government, as a representative of the victorious nations, suspended indemnity obligations to Germany, Austria, and Hungary.
1918 年一战结束，德国战败，奥匈帝国解体，北洋政府作为战胜国代表，中止了对德国、奥地利、匈牙利的赔款义务。
Following the October Revolution of 1917, Soviet Russia renounced its privileges in China and refunded the unpaid portion of the indemnity.
1917年十月革命后，苏俄放弃了在华特权，并退还了未支付的赔款部分。
The 1924 Sino-Soviet Agreement stipulated the use of refunded funds, but in practice, they were used to trade for Soviet products.
1924年的《中俄协定》规定退款用途，但实际用于交易苏俄产品。
In 1924, France announced the suspension of indemnity payments. The refunded amount was used to establish the China-French Industrial Bank and support education and charitable projects.
1924年法国宣布中止赔款，退款用于中法实业银行和教育慈善事业。
However, due to the devaluation of the franc after the war, China had to pay part of the amount at a high price.
但由于战后法郎贬值，中国以高价支付了部分款项。
In 1923, Japan proposed returning the indemnity but insisted that the funds be used for so-called “cultural projects” in China to promote and expand its influence.
1923 年，日方提出退还赔款，坚持用这笔赔款在华进行 “文化事业”的宣传，扩大其影响力。
After the outbreak of the full-scale war, the Boxer indemnity payments were suspended.
全面抗战爆发后，两国进入战争状态，庚子赔款停止支付。
In 1926, the British Parliament passed a proposal to return the Boxer indemnity. The remaining funds were used for scholarship programs, and the two countries established the Sino-British Boxer Indemnity Advisory Committee.
1926 年，英国国会通过退还庚子赔款议案的提议，剩余资金用于留学生教育项目，两国组建 “中英庚款顾问委员会”。
In 1925, China and Belgium signed an agreement to refund the indemnity.
1925年中比两国签订条约，退还了赔款。
In 1926, the Netherlands agreed to return the indemnity, with a requirement that 65% of the funds be invested in water conservancy projects.
1926年荷兰同意退还赔款，并要求65%投资水利事业。
In 1933, China and Italy signed the Sino-Italian Agreement, and Italy agreed to return the indemnity.
1933年中意签署《中意协定》，退还了赔款。
These refund measures were usually confirmed through agreements and treaties, but the actual refund process was sometimes influenced by international political conditions and practical payment terms.
这些退还措施通常是通过协议和条约形式确认的，但实际的退还过程有时受到了国际政治局势和实际支付条件的影响。
Therefore, although most countries did refund the indemnities, the actual refunded amounts and uses sometimes differed from the original plans.
因此，虽然大部分国家确实进行了赔款退还，但实际退还的金额和用途可能与原始计划有所不同。
China ultimately paid 576 million taels of silver to the foreign powers, about 58% of the total indemnity amount.
中国实际支付给各国列强的赔款为576百万两银，大约占赔款总数的58%。
In 1939, the National Government's Ministry of Finance officially terminated the payment of the Boxer indemnities according to the relevant agreements.
1939年国民政府财政部正式终止了赔款支付
