敢为中国心理学引领者
传普通人听得懂的理论
教人人都学得会的技能
选素质高专业强的执业
做老百姓买得起的服务
助人人成为最好的自己
发心理领域最强中国音
这是龙心理研究推送的第460篇原创文章
(总第463篇)
============================
【编者按】根据Journal of Religion and Health,Vol.35,No.3,Fall 1996(《宗教与健康杂志》第35卷,第3期,1996年秋季刊)刊登的Psychology and the Soul(灵魂学与灵魂)一文介绍我们可以知道,奥托·兰克的Psychology and the Soul(灵魂学与灵魂)一书有两个英文译本:
第一个英文译本由威廉·D·特纳在1950年完成。但是该译本并不完整,而且存在一定程度的误差。因此,Gregory C.Richter(格雷戈里·C·里希特) and E.James Lieberman(E·詹姆斯·利伯曼)就精心翻译了更加完整和准确的第二个英文译本,出版时间大概是在1996年。
格雷戈里·里希特博士是密苏里州柯克斯维尔特鲁曼州立大学语言文学系的副教授,他翻译了奥托·兰克的《文学与传说中的乱伦主题》(1912年),该书由约翰斯·霍普金斯大学出版社于1991年出版;E·詹姆斯·利伯曼医学博士,他是《意志行为:奥托·兰克的生活与工作》(1985年)一书的作者,也是乔治华盛顿大学医学院精神病学的临床教授。
凭二位英文译者与奥托·兰克的交集以及他们的专业及身份,我们有理由相信他们的译本应该是更加完整与准确的。又由于心理学经典译丛的中文版沿用了传统的词汇对应,将英文中的灵魂、精神、头脑里观念等统统笼统地翻译为“心理”,未能准确表达出中英文在用词上的文化差异,在一定程度上误导了中国民众。因此,我们就以该英文译本为蓝本,重新进行了中文版的翻译,中文书名为《灵魂学与灵魂》。
中文翻译:梅雨桐,高行之。
为方便各位对照英文原文深刻领会原著的本意,我们特别提供了中英文对照。
以下是奥托·兰克的《灵魂学与灵魂》一书《引言》中文正文(接上期,附英文):
▍▍▍灵魂学家的类型
自我认知,既非本源也非目的,而是他人灵魂学的一个副产品,它所造就的现代灵魂学家设想的是:自我认知既是个体的,也是所有人的。具有讽刺意味的是,人们似乎不得不从这种看似无用的对自我的了解中去找到某种用处,并决定赋予它某种功能。最终,它就成为了一门科学,并赋予了教育和非药物及手术治疗中的这些技术以科学的威信,但它实际上却是只能绕个弯才能理解人性的灵魂学。所以说,客观科学的灵魂学主要归功于它的主观性的部分,即与我们个性的自我相关联的部分,而它客观性的部分,即研究他人的部分,却被视为是非科学的,因为它是实用性的。
自我中心的灵魂学家的“无用性”或“不切实际”直到今天仍然可以引起共鸣——我们只是在他作为教师、精神病医生、精神分析师等的执业实践中,才会称他为科学家。否则,他只是一个内省的沉思者,觉察着自己的思想和感受。实践型的灵魂学家会轻蔑地称他为“强迫性神经症患者”,只有在特殊情况下,才可能会承认他是一个睿智的思想者。总而言之,只有在将自我认知应用到他人身上时,也就是说当我们用它服务于实际的目的时,我们才会认可自我认知——最初的想法是我们可能会通过理解他人来控制和指导他们,后来才通过使之合理化成了我们应当那样去帮助他们。
精神分析,正如灵魂学研究中活生生的主体与客体,给我们展示了灵魂学的两个方面——主观的与客观的,技术的与纯理论的,科学的与人文的——它们在一个完整的新的结合体里。在精神分析中,我看到的是灵魂学历史上最后的篇章,而不是一个新纪元。在关于其正当性、意义和应用的激烈争论中,我们发现了所有灵魂学同样的基本问题:它是物理学,还是形而上学?
去问精神分析是属于医学还是哲学,就是在问它经营的是灵魂学还是灵魂。就像所有灵魂学一样,不管是过去的,还是现在的,抑或是可预测的未来的,无疑都是两者兼而有之。精神分析的精髓就在于它独特的一对矛盾的紧密结合:开始于一种影响他人的实用技术,到头来却成了关于灵魂的一种新的形而上学。在自身问题的呈现程度上,精神分析是所有灵魂学的典型。
精神分析的情感力量是它的科学性上的弱点;它是科学和形而上学、灵魂学(现代的)与灵魂探索(古代的)两者都有,在两者之间没有一个清晰的分隔线分或区分。如果它是这一个或是那一个,那它就什么都不是了,也就是说那就什么独创性也没有了。但是,它是我们科学时代的术语与思索中这两者的一种新的融合体、混合体或紧密结合:它使基于因果关系的思维模式,即通过灵魂逻辑的归纳为自然法则来解释事物,和人文的思维模式,即解释思维并理解灵魂结构这两者联合了起来。它在这一双重角色里获得了有限的成功;它未达到其应有的成就则在荣格和阿德勒倾向于一端的体系之中得到了体现。荣格拿灵魂逻辑上的因果关系与他的系统发育理论一起走向了极端,而这个时候阿德勒的个体灵魂学则聚焦于作用,只能看到结构性因素。荣格自相矛盾地,既对抗又过度拓展了科学的要素(系统发育的因果性),而这个时候阿德勒却忽视了作为个体灵魂学基础的人本文主义。精神分析试图对两者都做到公正,结果一方面忽视了现实,过分强调了灵魂(psyche),另一方面又在现实条件上解释这个灵魂(psyche)。
▍▍▍灵魂逻辑的类型
尽管如此,我们还是第一次大饱眼福,看到了精神分析不经意间如此好地展示了灵魂学的这两个方面之间紧密、相互依存的关系。精神分析最初的想法纯粹是治疗性的,在我看来,它倾向于通过替代理解(被他人理解)使它的灵魂逻辑类型从强迫性自我意识的类型中解脱出来。被他人所理解是有助于治疗的,因为这实际上是一种爱的表达,也就是说这证明了我们个性的正当性或有效性(而相比之下,利用灵魂学去影响他人看上去是一种敌对的行为)。
但是,本质上是非灵魂学逻辑的爱的理解破坏了精神分析治疗的好处,因为那个神经过敏者,因过度的自我觉察而痛苦,却(在他人的帮助下)又回到了自我觉察的状态,他原本是想要从这里逃离的。
从治疗方面,精神分析是失败的:与治愈内在的强迫观念引起的特质相反,它鼓励了自我觉察和灵魂逻辑分析。这个发达的理论从人性知识(关于别人的,为非药物和手术治疗服务的),到失去自理能力需要被监护的人的自我认知(为研究服务的),它只能给予我们灵魂逻辑类型的灵魂学;它给我们展示了他或她如何长期追求重新成为“正常人”那样的非灵魂学逻辑状态,然而在这门科学的灵魂学里面追求这一结果却是徒劳的。“正常人”的感觉官能里没有灵魂学,没有内省,没有自我认知,但是却能够理解人,并且有一个内在的生命,一个灵魂。
作为科学、作为影响他人的技术,灵魂学实际上是根据自身的感觉和意志去解读另一个人的灵魂。既然我们无法随意改变(或毁灭)我们的邻居,我们便转而根据自己的意愿来解读他或她。我们的个体灵魂学是一种反射现象,是我们的灵魂学投射从邻居再返回自身的一种反作用。简而言之,我们不仅按照自己的意愿解读他人——这是一种敌意表现,一种支配行为——我们也用他人的方式重新解读自己,并称之为爱。灵魂学可以视作是一种相互反射的现象,是我们只能从另一个灵魂的镜像反射中才能一见的真实自我的幻象。
回到我们最初的问题:灵魂学真正的主体原本是超自然、超人类的某种东西——灵魂。只有当最初的“灵魂”概念从意识中淡出以后,人才变为灵魂学关注和研究的对象。从这个意义上说,宗教信仰过去是而且现在也是同样的灵魂学,正如我们的现代科学灵魂学一样,不可避免地是灵魂研究。当代人在灵魂学上的兴趣,实际上是宗教信仰的延伸,是灵魂里的信念的延伸,这是根深蒂固的——要是心照不宣多好——它使得人们对灵魂逻辑的主体感兴趣。
宗教坚持在灵魂的主体上的教义,在普遍存在的灵魂物质(soul-substance)上的教义;而我们的科学灵魂学尽管否认灵魂,但是仍然通过研究个体的内在生命、灵魂或自我来追求灵魂信念。人类的发展从宗教到现代灵魂学是一个逐步发生的灵魂信念的个体化过程,从集体灵魂转向个体灵魂——自我。非科学的灵魂学和科学灵魂学的不同之处就在于,对于这个灵魂,前者想要作出假设,而不是去理解。而现代灵魂学呢,则通过正在努力解构式的理解灵魂,证实类似灵魂的东西存在,因此假定它作为一个研究对象已经通过了推定。
灵魂学的演变中有一个第三阶段,而且眼下就是,也是最后的阶段,在这里灵魂和人两者都不是,灵魂学本身才是科学研究的对象。理应如此!灵魂学是通过否认和拒绝其第一个研究对象——灵魂而逐渐发展起来的;各种各样的灵魂学给我们提供了用于替代这个迷失的灵魂信念和它的支持者们的研究对象——人。宗教相当于一种对人类社会进化的灵魂逻辑的注释,如果不是宗教传统,我们将对这一灵魂学一无所知。同样,各种灵魂学也相当于在不同时期流行的灵魂信念的态度。在万物有灵论时代,灵魂学是由灵魂的创造;在宗教时代,它是灵魂的呈现;在科学时代,它已经成为个体灵魂的知识。
我们仍然坚持最初的灵魂信念,对永生抱有天生的信念,不过,这并不是像万物有灵论时代的人们那样是有意识的,相反,我们觉得丢脸并且拒绝承认它。那些发生在无意识核心的,并不是科学的精神分析在生物学上的解释,而是精神的,是灵魂的,而这不能在物质、肉体层面上被把握。流传下来的人类灵魂逻辑的通用原理终究还是灵魂,我们的灵魂的信念——我们信奉的这个古老的灵魂学在灵魂里(at heart),但是在现代灵魂学里却把它排除在注意力之外。
这种解释与人种学的发现是相吻合的,即“原始人”是以一个精神世界而不是一个现实世界为导向的,不像具有“现代”世界观的人。在原始的思维中,因果律发挥的作用较小,形形色色的超自然力量和上天的力量发挥的作用占大多数而不是自然部分,不过,它们都是从自我投射到自然中的。随着我们变得越来越现实,我们已经把灵魂埋得越来越深,因为外部世界中没有它的容身之地。不像我们,最早的人们承认灵魂,有意识地相信它,并用灵魂信念,他们的灵魂物质填满了这个世界。他们使这个世界变得不那么真实,更像自我。
今天,我们是通过我们拒绝承认的灵魂实体而成形的灵魂学家。我们有原因地解释灵魂是什么和做什么。科学用知识取代了信条,但归根结底,我们的知识都是建立在信念、灵魂信念之上的,是灵魂信仰。由此带来了我们的内在生命和灵魂特性上的许多怪癖和矛盾。原始人相信他们的灵魂,并将他们投射到现实世界中,从而形成了超自然的——魔法的——后来成为宗教的世界观。我们现在以一种更加现实的方式来看待和理解我们自身和环境,投射到这个世界上的要比投射到其他人,我们的邻居的更少。这种朝向他人的投射以及它在我们自身中的回应或反作用正是客观灵魂学的本质。
(引言已全部翻译完毕,全书未完待续)
The psychologist type
Self-knowledge,neither source nor goal,but a byproduct of the psychology of others,created the modern psychologist whose ideal is self-knowledge for one and all. Expressed ironically, it is as though people had to find some benefit in this seemingly useless self-awareness and decided to assign it a function. Eventually it became a science,which the practical understanding of human nature could only be via a detour through psychology,giving scientific cachet to these techniques in education and therapy. So the objective science of psychology owes its prestige to the subjective part, its relation to our personal egos, while the objective part,studying others,was deemed unscientific because it was practical.
The uselessness or “impracticality” of the self-focussed psychologist still resonates today:we can only call him a scientist if he practices psychology as a teacher,psychiatrist,psychoanalyst,etc.Otherwise he'd be only an introspective ponderer,contemplating his own thoughts and feelings.The practical psychologist would contemptuously call him a“compulsive neurotic,”and in the exceptional case might allow that he's a philosophical thinker.In a word, we endorse self-knowledge only if applied to others,i.e.when we make it serve practical purposes—originally with the idea that we could control and direct people by understanding them and later by rationalizing that we should help them.
Psychoanalysis,as living subject and object of psychological investigation, shows us both aspects of psychology—subjective and objective,technical and purely theoretical,scientific and humanistic—in a wholly new combination. In psychoanalysis I see the last chapter in the history of psychology rather than a new epoch.In the lively disputes over its justification,meaning,and application we find the same basic problem of all psychology:is it physics or metaphysics?To ask whether psychoanalysis belongs to medicine or philosophy is to ask whether it deals with psychology or the soul.Like all psychologies past,present,and presumably future,it is clearly both.The essence of psychoanalysis lies in its unique marriage of a contradictory pair:initially a practical technique for influencing others,it becomes in the end a new metaphysics of the soul.In the ambit of its own problems psychoanalysis exemplifies all psychology.
The emotional strength of psychoanalysis is its scientific weakness;it is both science and metaphysics,psychology and soul-study,without a clear separation or differentiation of the two spheres.If it were one or the other,it would be nothing,i.e.nothing original.But it is a new union,amalgam,or marriage of the two in the terminology and thought of our scientific era:it combines the causal mode of thinking—explaining things through psychological reduction to natural laws—and the humanistic mode—interpreting the mind and comprehending the soul's structure.It has had limited success in this dual role;its failure shows in the lopsided systems of Jung and Adler. Jung took psychological causality to the extreme with his phylogenetic theory,while Adler's individual psychology,focussed on effect,could only see structural factors.Jung,paradoxically,both fights and overextends the scientific element(phylogenetic causality),while Adler neglects the humanistic,on which individual psychology rests.Psychoanalysis,trying to do justice to both,neglects reality and overemphasizes the psyche on one hand,but on the other hand it explains psyche in terms of reality.
The psychological type
Still,we have for the first time a good look at the close,interdependent ties between these two aspects of psychology that psychoanalysis willy-nilly shows so well.The original idea of psychoanalysis was purely therapeutic and,as I now see it,tended to free the psychological type from compulsive self-awareness by substituting being understood (by others).Being under- stood by another helps therapeutically because it is really an expression of love—i.e.it justifies or validates our individuality (whereas using psychology to influence others seems,by contrast,a hostile act).But what is essentially unpsychological loving understanding undid the therapeutic good of psycho- analysis,because the neurotic,suffering from excess self-awareness,was (with the other's help)brought back to self-knowledge,from which he wanted to escape.Therapeutically,psychoanalysis failed:instead of curing the com- pulsive trait of inwardness,it fostered self-awareness and psychologizing. The theory that developed from knowledge of human nature (of the other,for therapy)toward self-knowledge(for research)only gives us the psychology of the psychological type;it shows how he or she longs to be unpsychological again like the“normal,”whose psychology science seeks in vain.The“normal” person has no psychology in this sense,no introspection,no self-knowledge, but understands people and has an inner life,a soul.
As scienceand as influencing technique psychology isreallytheinterpretation ofanother'ssoul in terms ofone'sownfeelingsand will.Sincewecannot remake(orunmake)ourneighboratwill,weinsteadinterprethimorherto suitourselves.Ourindividualpsychologyisareflexphenomenon,areaction to the projection ofour psychology from neighbor back to self.In short,we not onlyinterprettheothertosuitourwill—ahostileact,anactof domination—wealsoreinterpretourselvesintheother'stermsandcallitlove.Psychology canbeseenasamutualreflexivephenomenon,amirageof ourtrueself that weglimpseonlyin the mirroring reflectionof anothersoul.
Returning to our initial problem:the true object of psychology originally was something supernatural,super-human,the soul.The person became the object of psychological interest and investigation only when the original soul- concept faded from consciousness.In this sense religion was and is as much psychology as our modern scientific psychology is,unavoidably,soul-study. Contemporary interest in psychology is really an extension of religion,of be- lief in the soul—the perennial,if only tacit,object of psychological interest.
Religion upholds belief in the soul's existence,in a universal soul-substance; our scientific psychology denies the soul,yet pursues soul-belief by studying the individual inner life,soul,or self.Human evolution from religion to modern psychology is a progressive individualization of soul-belief,turning from collective to individual soul,the self.The difference between non-scientific and scientific psychology is that the former wants to postulate,not understand,the soul.Modern psychology,by trying to comprehend the soul, confirms that something like it exists,and so postulates it tacitly as an object of study.
There is a third and,for now,final stage in the evolution of psychology, where neither soul nor person,but psychology itself is the object of investigation.Rightly so!Psychology gradually evolved by denying and rejecting its first object,the soul;various psychologies offer us substitute objects for this lost soul-belief and its proponent,the person.Religions represent a kind of psychological commentary on human social evolution,a psychology we would know nothing about were it not for religious traditions.In the same way,the various psychologies represent attitudes toward soul-belief at various times. In the animistic era,psychology was soul-creation;in the religious era it was soul-representation;in the scientific era,it has become knowledge of the individual soul.
We still hold to original soul-belief,naive belief in immortality,but not consciously,like people in the animistic era:we are ashamed and deny it. What goes on in the core of the unconscious is not what scientific psychoanalysis explains biologically,but the spiritual,the soul,which cannot be grasped in material,somatic terms.The human psychological universal that has been passed down is after all the soul,our soul-belief—the old psychology we believe in at heart but keep out of mind in modern psychology.
This interpretation accords with the ethnologic finding that“primitives” are oriented to a spiritual world,not one of reality,unlike people with a “modern”world view.The laws of causality play a minor role in primitive mentality;the major role is played by all manner of supernatural and celestial forces not part of nature,but projected from self onto nature.As we have become more realistic,we have buried the soul deeper and deeper within because there was no place for it in the external world.Unlike us,the first people acknowledged the soul,believed in it consciously,and filled the world with that soul-belief,their soul-stuff.They made the world less real,more like the self.
Today we are psychologists shaped by our denial of the soul's reality.We explain causally what the soul is and does;science substitutes knowledge for credo but in the end our knowing rests upon belief,soul-belief.From this come many quirks and contradictions of our inner life and our psychologies. Primitives believed in their souls,projecting them onto the world of reality, arriving at a world view which was supernatural—magical—and later religious.We now see and understand ourselves and the environment in a much more realistic way,projecting less upon the world than upon other people, our neighbors.This projection onto others and its reaction in ourselves is the essence of objective psychology.
后面的内容更精彩,请持续关注本公众号。
邮箱:Celia770512@163.com
精品推荐阅读
▼
中国心理学历史五千年:三个阶段36个重大事件,目前已进入最高阶段
西方心理学史三阶段,本质是灵魂学,最高阶段是源自中国的心理学
中国心理学研究的多梯队局面已经形成!中国心理学论坛37发布