敢为中国心理学引领者
传普通人听得懂的理论
教人人都学得会的技能
选素质高专业强的执业
做老百姓买得起的服务
助人人成为最好的自己
发心理领域最强中国音
这是龙心理研究推送的第458篇原创文章
(总第461篇)
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【编者按】根据Journal of Religion and Health,Vol.35,No.3,Fall 1996(《宗教与健康杂志》第35卷,第3期,1996年秋季刊)刊登的Psychology and the Soul(灵魂学与灵魂)一文介绍我们可以知道,奥托·兰克的Psychology and the Soul(灵魂学与灵魂)一书有两个英文译本:
第一个英文译本由威廉·D·特纳在1950年完成。但是该译本并不完整,而且存在一定程度的误差。因此,Gregory C.Richter(格雷戈里·C·里希特) and E.James Lieberman(E·詹姆斯·利伯曼)就精心翻译了更加完整和准确的第二个英文译本,出版时间大概是在1996年。
格雷戈里·里希特博士是密苏里州柯克斯维尔特鲁曼州立大学语言文学系的副教授,他翻译了奥托·兰克的《文学与传说中的乱伦主题》(1912年),该书由约翰斯·霍普金斯大学出版社于1991年出版;E·詹姆斯·利伯曼医学博士,他是《意志行为:奥托·兰克的生活与工作》(1985年)一书的作者,也是乔治华盛顿大学医学院精神病学的临床教授。
以二位英文译者与奥托·兰克的交集以及他们的专业及身份,我们相信他们的译本应该是更加完整与准确的。又由于心理学经典译丛的中文版沿用了传统的词汇对应,将英文中的灵魂、精神、头脑里观念等统统笼统地翻译为“心理”,未能准确表达出中英文在用词上的文化差异,在一定程度上误导了中国民众。因此,我们就以该英文译本为蓝本,重新进行了中文版的翻译,中文书名为《灵魂学与灵魂》。
中文翻译:梅雨桐,高行之。
为方便各位对照英文原文深刻领会原著的本意,我们特别提供了中英文对照。
以下是奥托·兰克的《灵魂学与灵魂》一书《引言》中文正文(附英文):
引言 自我认知与人的本性
宗教一旦被证实是真实存在的,就会消亡。而科学就是宗教消亡的记录。
——奥斯卡·王尔德[1894]
写一部灵魂学历史,就是写一部灵魂的历史,而灵魂的历史并不比人类的历史更短。我们经常说科学的灵魂学起源于亚里士多德(他首次从“灵魂逻辑”的角度探讨梦境问题),但是,前科学和非科学的灵魂学过去是而且一直都是“灵魂科学”,并且是所有灵魂学的源头。
要了解灵魂学,就必须了解它的研究对象,也就是灵魂。然而,由于其特殊的性质,灵魂学发现自己处于一种独特的处境之中:它必须提供它的研究对象——一个科学的灵魂概念。事实上,灵魂学并不了解自己的研究对象,而且断然否认传统赋予它的内容。我们知道,在古代的民间信仰、宗教和神话传说中,灵魂是存在的,但在科学灵魂学中,灵魂并不存在。然而科学灵魂学对于灵魂的研究却仍在继续,仿佛灵魂确实存在一样。具有讽刺意味的是,尽管灵魂学声称要确定灵魂概念的有效性,但是它的研究却只是确认了灵魂的不存在,转而将其他问题遗留给了其他学科,尤其是人类学。
精神分析声称在解释这些被灵魂学忽视的领域里具有特殊地位,但是它所做的是用它自身的唯物主义灵魂学“启蒙”来完成的,而不是先理解灵魂概念和它的精神背景。我们在这里的任务,不是将精神分析或任何现代灵魂学运用于人文科学,而是相反:从发展的角度去理解我们的灵魂学以及整个学科的发展演变过程。灵魂学是如何从灵魂概念演变而来的?这一概念能传承下来是作为灵魂学的研究对象,也是灵魂学跨越时代演变的源泉。这里正在进行的尝试是对灵魂的基础研究,而不是常规的关于灵魂学的历史的研究——一个演变过程而不是历史学的探讨。
这就把我们带到了作为一门科学的所有灵魂学的根本性问题面前。关于这个问题我有一些评论,或许有些描述历史的感觉,但是更与根本点密切关联。对于作为一门科学的灵魂学来说,一个永久的问题就是:灵魂研究是科学的,还是哲学的?是物理学的,还是(亚里士多德式)形而上学的?是主观的,还是(科学意义上的)客观的?不同时代和学派的灵魂学争论最后都归结到世界观、态度和研究方法这类问题上——从亚里士多德第一个提出科学的灵魂学作为对柏拉图哲学灵魂概念的回应,到当代精神分析学派之间的争论,无不如此,在这个争论过程中,我们也经常加入。
灵魂学的二元性
为了准确理解各种灵魂学,即不同世界观之间这一古老的争论的意义,我们必须首先审视灵魂学自身的根本性难题。客观与主观的取向问题不仅仅是一个观念的变化,正如推动灵魂学知识逐渐发展的各个阶段所揭示的那样。相反,我们在灵魂学中发现了一种与生俱来的二元性,我称之为一门关系科学。
我们必须区分灵魂学的两个方面:认识自我(或自我表征)和认识他人(或理解人性)。换句话说,一个是自我认知灵魂学及其自我认知理论,另一个是理解和控制他人的手段、工具或“技术”的灵魂学,介于两者之间的,是那些个关于道德的、标准化教育的或者有益于身体的康复的一般理论。简单地说,我们必须从应用、客观灵魂学中辨别出其主观性的本质来。稍后我们将看到这种辨别是否是合理的,尤其是我们能不能将客观灵魂学称为“应用”。不管怎么说,灵魂学可以是客观的,即使它是源自于主观地。在这里,“应用”指的是有目的的去影响他人,就像远古的魔法(译者注:也可理解为法术或巫术),那是以对灵魂的明确假设作为基础的。
首次尝试把灵魂从它内在的、作为主体的中心的传统中摆脱出来,并称之为一个科学的客体,确切地说,是出现在人类发展过程的晚期。这一非凡的尝试就是亚里士多德对柏拉图的哲学灵魂概念所作出的回应。直到19世纪,灵魂学才在笛卡尔主观经验基础上,作为一门意识科学而赢得了科学地位。科学以这种主观观察模式构建成为感知灵魂学或灵魂物理学——一门“没有灵魂的灵魂学”,而将灵魂留给哲学家去研究。因此,我们必须从笛卡尔开始讲述现代灵魂学的历史。灵魂概念逐步演变为自然哲学中的无意识,与此同时人们关注到的灵魂现象就被灵魂学学科化了。
精神分析学派将这两种原理混合或结合在了一起,无论好与坏。弗洛伊德希望将灵魂学上的自我认知从意识扩展到无意识,他希望使代表着古老灵魂的未知的无意识变成自我观察和客观理解的对象,他觉得可以扩展意识并且扩大灵魂学的范围,结果也是令人满意的。但是,在解释无意识的方面,从实际情况来看,就像知觉灵魂学对意识所做的那样,弗洛伊德也把灵魂拒之门外了。
在认识到无意识的同时,弗洛伊德也承认灵魂的存在;但是,通过用唯物主义立场的解释,他又否定了灵魂的存在。意识包含的信息远比外部世界提供的信息更多,弗洛伊德用无意识的措辞来解释这些额外的东西,他把无意识理解为对现实的一种反映,只不过是外部世界的一点残留。但是,无意识所拥有的远比过去的事实更多:它还包含一些非现实的、超感官的东西,以前这些都归属灵魂。我们将看到,我们早期的祖先的思维方法和哲学是偏精神的,而不是现实的。那时的灵魂完全是内在的、精神的和超自然的。只是在最新的包装下,它才变成了一个外在的问题,一个科学的客体。
当代灵魂学或许是一门科学,但它的基础——灵魂,却不能用科学来解释:灵魂(The psyche)既不是现代神经学所认为的大脑功能,也不是弗洛伊德所设想出的升华了的生物学上的驱动力。有意思的是(此处五字为译者所加),科学灵魂学过去一直希望在这一基础上来解释本能人和理性人。但正如布洛伊勒坦率承认的那样,这种灵魂学留下了一个“巨大的空白”。因为大脑恰似一个在我们的灵魂主题上演奏的乐器,而性冲动只是一种表现而已。即使我们能通过科学对灵魂有所了解,但对于灵魂学的大部分内容,特别是最好、最有意义的部分,将始终无法得到解释。因为灵魂是主观的,所以(确实)需要一个自我意识的灵魂学。(未完待续)
OTTO RANK
INTRODUCTION
Self-knowledge and human nature
Religions die when they are proved to be true.Science is the record of dead religions.
Oscar Wilde(1894)
To write a historyof psychology is to write a history of the soul, which is no less than the story of human kind from the beginning. We usually say that scientific psychology starts with Aristotle (who first approached the problem of dreams “psychologically”), but pre-and non-scientific psychology have been, and still are, “soul science” and the source of all psychology.
To know psychology one has to know its object, the soul. But given its peculiar nature, psychology finds itself in a unique position: it must provide the object of its study—a scientific concept of soul. In fact, psychology does not know its own object, and flatly denies the one tradition hands down. The soul, as we know it from antiquity in folk belief, religion, and mythology, does not exist for scientific psychology, yet research goes on as if it did. Ironically, while psychology purports to determine the validity of the soul concept, its research only confirms that there is no soul, leaving it to other disciplines, notably ethnology.
Psychoanalysis claimed special status in taking on these psychologically neglected areas. But it did so with the “enlightenment” of its own materialistic psychology instead of first understanding the soul-concept and its spiritual context. Our task here is not to apply psychoanalysis or any modern psychology to the humanities but the opposite: to understand our psychology and the whole discipline developmentally. How did psychology evolve from the soul-concept?This concept stands as psychology's object and is the source of its evolution through the ages.The present effort is a basic study of the soul, not a conventional history of psychology—a developmental rather than historical approach.
This takes us to the fundamental problem of all psychology as a science, about which I have some comments that may sound historical, but relate to basic points. For psychology as as cience, the perennial question is whether soul-study is scientific or philosophical, physics or metaphysics(Aristotle), subjective or objective(science). Psychological arguments of different eras and schools all come down to this issue of world-view, attitude, approach— from Aristotle's first scientific psychology, a reaction to Plato's philosophical soul-concept, to the disputes of contemporary psychoanalytic schools, in which we sometimes join.
Psychological dualism
In order to grasp the significance of this ancient dispute among psychologies, i.e. among world-views, we must first look into the basic problem of psychology itself. The question of objective vs. subjective orientation is not just one of changing viewpoints, as the evolving stages of psychological knowledged would suggest. Rather we find an inherent dualism in psychology, which I have called a science of relationship.
We must distinguish two facets of psychology: that of self-knowledge (or self-presentation) and that of knowing others (understanding human nature), i.e. between the psychology of self-awareness with its theory of self-knowledge, and psychology as a means, tool or “technique” to understand and control others — be that a general theory of character, normative education, or the rapeutic healing. Simply put, we have to differentiate subjective from applied, objective psychology. Later we will see if this is valid, and especially whether we can call objective psychology “applied.” At any rate, psychology can be objectively oriented although subjectively derived. Here “applied” means purposeful influence upon others,like primitive magic, which is based on well-defined assumptions about the soul.
The first attempt to free psychology from its inward, subjective focus and claim it as an object of science came rather late in human evolution. That singular attempt was Aristotle's reaction to Plato's philosophical soul-concept. Not until the nineteenth century did psychology win scientific standing, as a science of consciousness, in the sense of Cartesian subjective experience. Science built this subjective observational mode into perceptual psychology or psychophysics, a “soulless psychology,” that left the soul to philosophers. So we must begin the history of modern psychology with Descartes. The soul- concept evolves into the unconscious in natural philosophy, while conscious phenomena constitute the discipline of psychology.
Psychoanalysis blends or marries the two principles, for better and worse. Freud wanted to extend psychological self-knowledge from consciousness into the unconscious; he wanted to make the mysterious unconscious, representing the ancient soul, into an object of self-observation and objective understanding. He was able to expand consciousness and enlarge psychology as well. But in explaining the unconscious in terms of reality, as perceptual psychology does with consciousness, Freud shut out the soul.
Recognizing the unconscious, Freud acknowledged the soul; but by explaining the soul materialistically, he denied it. Consciousness contains more than the data of the outside world. Freud explains this extra something in terms of the unconscious, which he interprets as a reflection of reality, a mere remnant of the outside world. But the unconscious holds more than past reality: it contains something unreal, extrasensory, formerly attributed to the soul. We shall see that the mentality and philosophy of our early ancestors were of the spirit rather than the real. The soul was entirely internal, spiritual, and supernatural then. Only in its latest guise does it become an external problem, an object of science.
Contemporary psychology maybe a science, but its basis, the soul, cannot be explained by science. The psyche is neither brain function, as modern neurology believes, nor sublimated biological drives, as Freud conceived it. Scientific psychology would explain instinctual man and cerebral man on the same basis. But as Bleuler frankly admitted, this psychology leaves a “great gap.” For the brain is just one instrument on which our soul-themes play, and the sexual impulse only one manifestation. Even if we could understand something of the soul through science, much of psychology—the best, most meaningful part—would defy explanation, for the soul is subjective, and needs a psychology of self-consciousness.
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