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生理与解剖
免疫系统概述-1：免疫系统分类
人类如何抵御有害威胁？
什么是免疫系统？
免疫反应的分类
固有免疫的基础特征
适应性免疫的基础特征
immune response 免疫反应
innate immune response 固有免疫反应
adaptive immune response 适应性免疫反应
lysozyme溶菌酶（可以破坏细菌的细胞壁。一些人体细胞分泌液中含有溶菌酶在，如唾液、眼泪、鼻涕；溶菌酶也存在于粒线体中的细胞质颗粒体和蛋清中。
epithelium 上皮组织/上皮
cilia n.纤毛（cilium的复数）
primed adj.活化的（在免疫反应中专指：预处理的,已接触抗原的）
immunologic memory 免疫记忆
clonal expansion 克隆扩张/克隆扩增
clonal deletion 克隆清除
人类如何抵御有害威胁？
Despite being surrounded by harmful microorganisms, toxins, and the threat of our own cells turning into tumor cells, humans manage to survive; largely thanks to our immune system. The immune system is made up of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules that all work together to generate an immune response that protects us from microorganisms, removes toxins, and destroys tumor cells - hopefully not all at once!
尽管人类总是被各种有害的微生物、毒素包围，而且活在自身细胞会转化为肿瘤细胞的威胁中，人类还是成功存活下来了——这很大程度上要感谢我们的免疫系统。免疫系统由免疫器官、免疫组织、免疫细胞以及分子组成它们共同协作，从而产生了能够保护我们的免疫反应，来抵御微生物、去除毒素和杀灭肿瘤细胞；愿敌军们别一起搞突袭！
什么是免疫系统？
The immune response can identify a threat, mount an attack, eliminate a pathogen, and develop mechanisms to remember the offender in case you encounter it again - all within 10 days. In some cases, like if the pathogen is particularly stubborn or if the immune system starts attacking something it shouldn’t be like your own tissue, it can last much longer, for months to years, and that leads to chronic inflammation.
免疫系统可以识别威胁、发动攻击、消除病原，还发展出了一套机制来记忆入侵者，以防下次又遇到它；而完成这一切只在10天之内。有时侯，比如当病原体格外难缠或免疫系统转而攻击自身组织时，免疫反应将会持续数月甚至数年之久；这就会导致慢性炎症。
免疫反应的分类
Your immune system is like the military - with two main branches, the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. The innate immune response includes cells that are non-specific, meaning that although they distinguish an invader from a human cell, they don’t distinguish one invader from another invader.
你的免疫系统就像一支军队，有两大阵营——固有免疫反应和适应性免疫反应。固有免疫反应包括了非特异性的细胞，意味着尽管这种细胞能区分侵略者和正常人体细胞，但它们区分不了不同的侵略者。
固有免疫的基础特征
The innate response is also feverishly fast - working within minutes to hours. Get it? “Feverishly” - that’s cause it’s responsible for causing fevers.
固有免疫反应“狂热”般地快，在几分钟到几小时内即可发动。为什么是“狂热”？因为它会导致发热！
The trade off for that speed is that there’s no memory associated with innate responses. In other words, the innate response will respond to the same pathogen in the exact same way no matter how many times it sees the pathogen.
这种快速的代价，是固有免疫反应并没有记忆；换句话说，固有免疫反应总是用完全相同的方式去应对相同的病原体，无论它见过这个病原体几次。
The innate immune response includes things that you may not even think of as being part of the immune system. Things like chemical barriers, like lysozymes in the tears and a low pH in the stomach, as well as physical barriers like the epithelium in the skin and gut, and the cilia that line the airways to keep invaders out.
固有免疫反应包括一些你可能觉得都不算是免疫系统的组成部分：比如化学屏障，像是眼泪中的溶菌酶和胃里的低pH环境；还有物理屏障，像是皮肤和肠道里的上皮细胞；还有呼吸道内阻止感染的纤毛。
In contrast, the adaptive immune response is highly specific for each invader.和固有免疫相反，适应性免疫反应具有高度特异性：
适应性免疫的基础特征
The cells of the adaptive immune response have receptors that differentiate one pathogen from another by their unique parts - called antigens. These receptors can distinguish between friendly bacteria and potentially deadly ones.
适应性免疫反应中的细胞用受体识别病原体的独特部分“抗原”，来区分不同病原体。这些受体能够区分友好细菌和潜在的致命细菌。
The trade off is that the adaptive response relies on cells being primedor activated, so they can fully differentiate into the right kind of fighter to kill that pathogen, and that can take a few weeks. But the great advantage of the adaptive immune response is immunologic memory.
不过适应性免疫依赖于那些被活化过或激活过的细胞，这样它们才能充分地分化为合适种类的战士，来杀死病原体；通常要花费几周的时间。适应性免疫的益处在于免疫记忆。
The cells that are activated in the adaptive immune response undergoclonal expansion which means that they massively proliferate. And each time the adaptive cells see that same pathogen, they massively proliferate again, resulting in a stronger and faster response each time that pathogen comes around.
在适应性免疫中被激活过的细胞会进行克隆扩增，意味着它们会大量增殖。每当这些细胞看到同样的病原体后，它们会再次大量地增殖；最终使每次病原体出现时，都会遇到比之前更强更快的免疫反应；
Once the pathogen is destroyed, most of the clonally expanded cells die off, that’s called clonal deletion. But some of the clonally expanded cells live on as memory cells and they’re ready to expand once more if that pathogen ever resurfaces.
一旦病原体被摧毁了，大部分克隆扩增的细胞会死亡，这被称为克隆清除。但一些克隆扩增的细胞会作为记忆细胞存活下来，以待病原体下一次露面时再次扩增。
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About Me
Hi，这里是卢娜 ：）
医学本科+翻译硕士。丰富医学翻译经验，中国知网医学翻译受聘专家，从业经历：全国4A级医药类NGO国际部 →SDL译员 in house →自由译员。
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