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想要入门医学翻译从哪里开始学习

Luna建议还是从最基础的：

生理与解剖，开始学习

这也是医学生大学第一学期的课程~

这个更新系列通过Osmosis的视频介绍相关知识

感兴趣的小伙伴可以看原视频

Luna的更新会更加系统一些

并且把非常长的内容拆解开来

带大家熟悉一下医学入门的英文表达

生理与解剖

免疫系统概述-3：髓系细胞详解

建议学习步骤：

• 第一步：了解本节学习目的

• 第二步：熟记单词，对照中英双语学习医学知识。单词至少要可以再认！否则医学文本有有生词一定看的云里雾里。

• 第三步：观看视频，进一步理解，尤其运用视觉强化记忆。

• 第四步：在了解学习内容的基础上，学有余力的小伙伴可以跟读视频，掌握英文表达及读音！

• 嗜酸性粒细胞-针对寄生虫

• 嗜碱性粒细胞-寄生虫+导致炎症

• 肥大细胞-没有吞噬作用

• 单核细胞分化为：巨噬细胞和树突状细胞

• 树突状细胞吞噬病原体后的改变

• 哪些细胞可以呈递抗原？

Now, in comparison to neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are far less common.比起中性粒细胞，嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞要不常见得多。

They both contain granules that contain histamine and other proinflammatory molecules.

它们都有着内含组胺和其他促炎分子的颗粒。

嗜酸性粒细胞-针对寄生虫

Eosinophils stain pink with the dye eosin - which is where they get their name.

嗜酸性粒细胞用伊红Eosin染色呈粉红色，也就是它英文名Eosinophil的来源。

Eosinophils are also phagocytic, and they’re best known for fighting large and unwieldy parasites because eosinophils are much larger than neutrophils and have receptors that are specific for parasites.

嗜酸性粒细胞同样具有吞噬作用，它们以对抗巨大而笨重的寄生虫而闻名，因为嗜酸性粒细胞要比中性粒细胞大得多而且有专门针对寄生虫的受体。

嗜碱性粒细胞-寄生虫+导致炎症

Unlike neutrophils and eosinophils, basophils are non-phagocytic.

和中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞不同的是，嗜碱性粒细胞并不具备吞噬功能。

They stain blue with the dye hematoxylin, and like eosinophils they can be helpful at combating large parasites but also cause inflammation in asthma and allergy responses.

它们用苏木素染色后呈蓝色；像嗜酸性粒细胞一样，它们可以助力奋战寄生虫，但也会在哮喘和过敏反应中导致炎症。

肥大细胞-没有吞噬作用

Finally, there are the mast cells which are also non-phagocytic and they’re involved in asthma and allergic responses.

最后，还有肥大细胞，它们也没有吞噬作用，还参与了哮喘和过敏反应。

Next up are the monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which are phagocytic cells - they gobble up pathogens, present antigens, and release cytokines - tiny molecules that help attract other immune cells to the area. Monocytes only circulate in the blood.

单核细胞分化为：巨噬细胞和树突状细胞

接着是单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞，三者都是吞噬细胞；它们大口吃病原体，呈递抗原，并释放细胞因子（即帮助号召其他免疫细胞救兵来到局部的微小分子）。单核细胞只在血液中循环；

Some monocytes migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages, which remain in tissues and aren’t found in the blood. Other monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells, the prototypical antigen presenting cell, which roam around in the lymph, blood, and tissue.

一些单核细胞迁移到组织中，分化成为巨噬细胞；它们会停留在组织里，不会再在血液里出现。其他单核细胞会分化成树突状细胞，是典型的抗原呈递细胞；它们会在淋巴、血液和组织中游走。

树突状细胞吞噬病原体后的改变

When dendritic cells are young and immature, they’re excellent at phagocytosis, constantly eating large amounts of protein found in the interstitial fluid. But when a dendritic cell phagocytoses a pathogen for the first time - it’s a life-changing, coming of age moment.

当树突状细胞还幼小且不成熟时，它们极其擅长吞噬作用，经常吞食大量组织液中的蛋白质。但当树突状细胞第一次吞噬病原体时，这会是它改变命运、走向成熟的关键时刻。

Mature dendritic cells will destroy the pathogen and break up it’s proteins into short amino acid chains. Dendritic cells will then move through the lymph to the nearest lymph node and they’ll perform antigen presentation which is where they present those amino acid chains - which are antigens - to T cells.

成熟的树突状细胞会破坏病原体并将其蛋白质分解成短的氨基酸链；接着，树突状细胞会通过淋巴转移到最近的淋巴结进行抗原呈递，也就是它们把那些氨基酸链（即抗原）呈递给T细胞的地方。

哪些细胞可以呈递抗原？

antigen presentation is what connects the innate and adaptive immune systems. Antigen presentation is something that can be done by dendritic cells, macrophages residing in the lymph node, and monocytes which can travel to a lymph node after phagocytosing a bloodborne pathogen - which is why all of these cells are referred to as antigen presenting cells.

抗原呈递，连接了固有免疫和适应性免疫系统；可由树突状细胞驻扎在淋巴结中的巨噬细胞，以及由吞噬了血源性病原体后转移至淋巴结的单核细胞完成；也就是为什么这些细胞被称为抗体呈递细胞的原因。

Now, only T cells with a receptor that can bind to the specific shape of the antigen will get activated - that’s called priming. It’s similar to how a lock will only snap open when a key with a very specific shape goes in.

只有拥有能和特定形状的抗原结合的受体的T细胞才能被激活——这被称为活化。这就像是只有当一把特定形状的钥匙插入后门锁才能突然打开一样。

However, T cells can only see their antigen if it is presented to them on a silver platter - and on a molecular level that platter is the Major Histocompatibility complex or MHC for short. So the antigen presenting cell will load the antigen onto an MHC molecule and display it to T cells - and when the right T cell comes along - it binds!

然而，T细胞只有在抗原被放入“银盘”中献上时才会瞥到它们；在分子维度上，这个“银盘”即主要相容性复合体，简写为MHC。所以抗原呈递细胞会把抗原装载在MHC分子上以向T细胞展示当正确的T细胞出现时，它们就会结合！

👉复习之前内容戳：医学英语 | 解剖与生理-免疫系统概述-1

                           医学英语 | 解剖与生理-免疫系统概述-2

About Me

Hi，这里是卢娜 ：）

医学本科+翻译硕士。丰富医学翻译经验，中国知网医学翻译受聘专家，从业经历：全国4A级医药类NGO国际部 →SDL译员 in house →自由译员。

获联合国语言人才培训体系UNLPP英语口笔译证书，受聘中国知网海外版任医学翻译专家，WHO、后浪出版社书籍医学合作译者。影视类翻译记录片《Report》于欧洲展映。

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