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想要入门医学翻译从哪里开始学习

Luna建议还是从最基础的：

生理与解剖，开始学习

这也是医学生大学第一学期的课程~

这个更新系列通过Osmosis的视频介绍相关知识

感兴趣的小伙伴可以看原视频

Luna的更新会更加系统一些

并且把非常长的内容拆解开来

带大家熟悉一下医学入门的英文表达

生理与解剖

免疫系统概述-2：造血细胞分类（髓系+淋巴系）

建议学习步骤：

• 第一步：了解本节学习内容

• 第二步：熟记单词，并对照中英双语学习医学知识

• 第三步：观看视频，进一步强化记忆。

• 第四步：在了解学习内容的基础上，跟读视频，掌握英文表达及读音

• 什么是造血？

• 造血细胞分类（髓系+淋巴系）

• 髓系祖细胞组成

• 如何杀死病原体？

  
  

  
  

什么是造血？

Now, it’s time to meet the soldiers - which are the white blood cells or leukocytes. Hematopoiesis is the process of forming white blood cells, as well as red blood cells, and platelets and it takes place in the bone marrow.

现在是时候来检阅士兵们了——我们的白细胞。造血是产生白细胞、红细胞和血小板的的过程，发生在骨髓中。

造血细胞分类

Hematopoiesis starts with a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell which can develop into various cell types - it’s future is undecided. Some become myeloid progenitor cells whereas others become lymphoid progenitor cells.

造血开始于多能造血干细胞，它可以分化成不同种类的细胞，未来不可限量！一些会成为髓系祖细胞，而其它的会成为淋巴系祖细胞。

髓系祖细胞组成

The myeloid progenitor cells develop into myeloid cells which include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes, all of which are part of the innate immune response and can be found in the blood as well as in the tissues. The neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are considered granulocytes, because they contain granules in their cytoplasm, and the trio of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are also referred to as polymorphonuclear cells, or PMNs, because they’re nuclei contain multiple lobes instead of being round.

髓系祖细胞会分化成髓系细胞，包括中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、肥大细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和单核细胞；它们都是固有免疫反应的组成部分，在血液和组织中都能找到。中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞以及肥大细胞被认为是粒细胞，因为它们的细胞质中含有颗粒；嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞三者也被称为多形核白细胞，或PMNs，因为它们的细胞核有许多分叶，不呈圆形。

The mast cells, aren’t considered PMNs because their nucleus is round. During an immune response, the bone marrow produces lots of PMNs, most of which are neutrophils.

肥大细胞不被认为是PMNs，由于其细胞核呈圆形。在一次免疫反应中，骨髓会生产出大量的PMNs，其中绝大部分是中性粒细胞。

中性粒细胞如何杀死病原体？

Neutrophils use a process called phagocytosis - that’s where they get near a pathogen and reach around it with their cytoplasm to “swallow” it whole, so that it ends up in a phagosome. From there, the neutrophils can destroy the pathogen using two methods - they can use their cytoplasmic granules or oxidative burst.

中性粒细胞利用被称为“吞噬作用”的过程：先接近病原体，然后用细胞质把病原体整个“吞”入，最终形成一个吞噬体。在此基础上，中性粒细胞可以用两种方式来消灭病原体：其一是利用胞质颗粒，其二是氧化爆发。

First, the cytoplasmic granules fuse with the phagosome to form the phagolysosome. The granules contain molecules that lower the pH of the phagolysosome, making it very acidic, and that kills about 2% of the pathogens.

首先，胞质颗粒与吞噬体融合形成吞噬溶酶体。这些颗粒含有降低吞噬溶酶体pH值的分子，使其呈强酸性，以杀死大约2%的病原体。

Now, the neutrophil doesn’t stop there. It keeps swallowing up more and more pathogens until it’s full of pathogens, and at that point, it unleashes the oxidative burst.

但中性粒细胞不会止步于此：它不断吞噬越来越多的病原体，直到体内充满病原体到那时，它会释放氧化爆发。

During an oxidative burst, the neutrophil produces lots of highly reactive oxygen molecules like hydrogen peroxide. These molecules start to destroy nearby proteins and nucleic acids - a bit like the neutrophil dumping bleach on itself and then lighting itself on fire.

在一次氧化爆发中，中性粒细胞会产生大量高活性氧分子，如过氧化氢。这些分子会开始破坏附近的蛋白质和核酸分子（有点像中性粒细胞把漂白剂倒在身上，然后点燃自己）：

This process kills the neutrophil - a bit of a suicide mission - but each neutrophil takes out a lot of pathogens with it.

这个过程会杀死中性粒细胞（类似自杀行动），但每位中性粒细胞烈士会带走大量的病原体！

👉复习上一篇戳：医学英语 | 解剖与生理-免疫系统概述-1

About Me

Hi，这里是卢娜 ：）

医学本科+翻译硕士。丰富医学翻译经验，中国知网医学翻译受聘专家，从业经历：全国4A级医药类NGO国际部 →SDL译员 in house →自由译员。

获联合国语言人才培训体系UNLPP英语口笔译证书，受聘中国知网海外版任医学翻译专家，WHO、后浪出版社书籍医学合作译者。影视类翻译记录片《Report》于欧洲展映。

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