泌尿肿瘤专家谈【12】 | 膀胱癌诊断和治疗中TERT启动子突变检测的生物学和临床视角

健康   2024-12-20 18:07   陕西  
本篇文献由程亮教授等人撰写,并于2023年发表在《Human Pathology》杂志上,综述了TERT启动子突变在膀胱癌诊断和管理中的生物学和临床视角。TERT启动子突变与TERT mRNA和蛋白水平、端粒酶活性增加以及较短但稳定的端粒长度相关联。这种突变在膀胱癌患者中极为常见,且在多种尿路上皮病变中均有出现。

1
引言


TERT(端粒酶逆转录酶)启动子的突变是膀胱癌发展中的核心驱动因素,影响着60%至80%的膀胱癌患者。这些突变与TERT mRNA和蛋白水平的增加、端粒酶活性的提升,以及端粒长度的缩短但保持稳定密切相关。TERT启动子突变出现在多种尿路上皮病变中,涵盖了从良性尿路上皮增生、肿瘤样病变、良性尿路上皮肿瘤、癌前病变,到尿路上皮癌及其亚型,还包括非尿路上皮起源的恶性肿瘤。
2
TERT基因、端粒和TERT启动子突变
文献详细描述了TERT基因的结构和功能,该基因编码端粒酶的一个亚单位(Fig. 1),与端粒酶RNA组分(TERC)协同作用,参与端粒复制。TERT在体细胞中通常受到严格控制,主要在干细胞中表达,分化后失活以防止细胞无序增殖。端粒酶在配子和癌细胞中活性较高,而在体细胞中失活。TERT启动子突变与端粒酶活性增加和较短但稳定的端粒长度相关。

Fig.1 TERT promoter mutation and its clinical impacts.The two major TERT promoter mutations,C228T and C250T,are located at -124 and -146 base pairs upstream of ATG start codon.TERT promoter mutations create a TTCCGG motif,a consensus E-26 transcription factor/ternary complex factor binding site, which upregulates the TERT expression leading to reactivation of telomerase.TERT promoter mutation has been implicated in cell genetic instability,stemness,immortalization,cell proliferation, transformation,invasion, and chemo-/radio-therapy resistance.TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase.
3
TERT启动子突变在人类致癌中的作用

TERT启动子突变是超过50种肿瘤类型中最常见的非编码点突变。TERT启动子突变重新激活端粒酶,从而通过调节端粒相关和非相关下游途径,赋予癌细胞不朽的特征(Fig. 2,Fig. 3)。

4



TERT启动子突变在尿路上皮癌中的概述

文献提供了TERT启动子突变在不同性别、肿瘤分级和分期以及不同空间位置的尿路上皮癌中的流行病学数据。突变与年龄有关,老年患者中的突变率更高。


Fig. 2 Prevalence of TERT promoter mutation in PUNLMP, low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (Ta low grade), and high-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (Ta high grade). Based on data from Table 1. PUNLMP, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential; TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase.

Fig.3 Prevalence of TERT promoter mutation across different pathologic stages of bladder cancer. Based on data from Table 1. TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase
5
TERT启动子突变与非端粒相关遗传改变
除了维持端粒长度外,TERT蛋白还与β-连环蛋白相互作用,促进上皮-间充质转化和癌细胞的干细胞特性。TERT启动子突变还与其他几个关键驱动突变在尿路上皮癌中共突变。


6
TERT启动子突变在良性尿路上皮增生、肿瘤样病变和良性尿路上皮肿瘤中的作用

TERT启动子突变在良性尿路上皮增生和肿瘤样病变中罕见或不存在,但在尿路上皮乳头状瘤和倒置尿路上皮乳头状瘤中检测到一定比例的突变(Fig. 4,Fig. 5,Fig.6)。

Fig. 4 TERT promoter mutation status in benign lesions of urinary bladder. Hematoxylin and eosinestained sections of nephrogenic adenoma A, villous adenoma C, florid cystitis glandularis E, and intestinal metaplasia G showed TERT wildtype, B, D, F, H, corresponding to A, C, E, G, respectively, as indicated by a distinct 58℃ melting temperature B, D, F, H. Modified from Cheng L et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations in primary adenocarcinoma of bladder and urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation: pathogenesis and diagnostic implications. Mod Pathol 2021;34:1384-1391.

Fig.5 TERT promoter mutation status in selected bladder lesions. 1AeC, cystitis glandularis (CG), negative for TERT promoter mu-tation; 2AeC, inverted papilloma (IP) from a male patient, negative for TERT promoter mutation; 3AeC, a case of inverted papilloma from a female patient with TERT promoter mutation; 4AeC, urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth (UCI), positive TERT promoter mu-tation; and 5AeC, conventional urothelial carcinoma (UC), positive for TERT promoter mutation. Modified from Cheng L et al. Telo-merase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation analysis of benign, malignant, and reactive urothelial lesions reveals a subpopulation of inverted papilloma with immortalizing genetic change. Histopathology 2016;69:107-113.

Fig.6 TERT promoter mutation status in (A) bladder urothelial papilloma and (C) papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP). B, The TERT promoter mutation C228T was detected in a urothelial papilloma, with a dominant mutant melting peak at 65.5, and a minor wild-type TERT melting peak at 57 for benign cells (light orange arrow). D, The TERT promoter mutation C228T was detected in PUNLMP, with a dominant mutant melting peak (red arrow), and a minor wild-type TERT peak for benign cells (light orange arrow). The peak height is proportional to the percentage of cells in the population tested. Modified from Cheng L et al. TERT Promoter Mutations Occur Frequently in Urothelial Papilloma and Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential. Eur Urol 2017;71: 497-498. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article).
7
TERT启动子突变在前体和假定前体病变中的作用

文献讨论了TERT启动子突变在尿路上皮癌的前体病变中的发生率,如尿路上皮原位癌(CIS)和尿路上皮异型增生。(Table 1-3)



8
TERT启动子突变在低恶性潜能的乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤、非侵润性尿路上皮癌和侵润性尿路上皮癌中的作用
文献提供了TERT启动子突变在这些病变中的流行病学数据,并讨论了其与肿瘤分级、分期、位置、侵润状态和生物学行为的独立性。TERT启动子突变在非浸润性尿路上皮癌中约占70%,在浸润性尿路上皮癌中也约占70%。

Fig.6 TERT promoter mutation status in (A) bladder urothelial papilloma and (C) papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP). B, The TERT promoter mutation C228T was detected in a urothelial papilloma, with a dominant mutant melting peak at 65.5, and a minor wild-type TERT melting peak at 57 for benign cells (light orange arrow). D, The TERT promoter mutation C228T was detected in PUNLMP, with a dominant mutant melting peak (red arrow), and a minor wild-type TERT peak for benign cells (light orange arrow). The peak height is proportional to the percentage of cells in the population tested. Modified from Cheng L et al. TERT Promoter Mutations Occur Frequently in Urothelial Papilloma and Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential. Eur Urol 2017;71: 497-498. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article).
9
TERT启动子突变在尿路上皮癌和非尿路上皮癌变体中的作用
TERT启动子突变在尿路上皮起源的恶性肿瘤中具有最高的发生频率(Fig.7-9)。

Fig. 7 Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder harboring TERT promoter mutation. Hematoxylin and eosinestained sections of a urinary bladder small cell carcinoma at (A) low and (B) high power with evidence of (C) invasion into the muscularis propria in a case with (D) positivity for a TERT promoter mutation (arrow). Some 55% of the urinary bladder small cell carcinomas in our cohort were positive for a TERT promoter mutation. Modified from Priemer DS et al. Small-cell Carcinomas of the Urinary Bladder and Prostate: TERT Promoter Mutation Status Differentiates Sites of Malignancy and Provides Evidence of Common Clonality Between Small-cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4:880-888.

Fig. 8 Concordant TERT promoter mutation in small cell carcinoma and concomitant urothelial carcinoma status. A, Hematoxylin and eosinestained section of distinctive biphasic morphology of small cell carcinoma (right) and conventional urothelial carcinoma (left) components of a single urinary bladder malignancy, both of which were (B and C) positive for TERT promoter mutation (arrows). (DeF) Laser capture microdissection of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Hematoxylin and eosinestained sections (D) before and (E) after microdissection, and (F) laser-captured small cell carcinoma cells. (GeI) Laser capture microdissection of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Hematoxylin and eosinestained sections (G) before and (H) after microdissection, and (I) laser-captured urothelial car-cinoma cells. Modified from Priemer DS et al. Small-cell Carcinomas of the Urinary Bladder and Prostate: TERT Promoter Mutation Status Differentiates Sites of Malignancy and Provides Evidence of Common Clonality Between Small-cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4:880-888.

Fig.9 TERT promoter mutation in primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. Hematoxylin and eosinestained sections of enteric adenocarcinoma A, mucinous variant B, and mixed variant C show C228T TERT mutation D, E, F as indicated by a distinct melting temperature demonstrated by the red vertical bar. The TERT wildtype G, H, I corresponding to D, E, F, respectively, is demonstrated by the green vertical bar. The mutant and wild-type melting points have a 4difference. In the cohort, 33% of the primary adenocarcinomas of the bladder were positive for TERT promoter mutations. Modified from Cheng L et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations in primary adenocarcinoma of bladder and urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation: pathogenesis and diagnostic implications. Mod Pathol 2021;34:1384-1391. WT, wild type. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.
10
TERT启动子突变在尿液和血浆样本(液体活检)中的作用
文献强调了基于尿液的TERT启动子突变分析作为一种非侵入性癌症检测方法的潜力,并讨论了TERT启动子突变在尿液和血浆样本中的检测。


11
TERT启动子突变检测平台
文献介绍了多种检测TERT启动子突变的分析平台,包括Sanger DNA测序、实时PCR、数字PCR、SNaPshot分析、下一代测序(NGS)、逆转录PCR和TERT蛋白检测

12
TERT启动子突变与BCG治疗反应、靶向治疗和PDL1免疫检查点抑制剂

文献讨论了TERT启动子突变对BCG治疗反应的预测价值,以及作为治疗靶点的潜力,包括端粒酶抑制、端粒酶疫苗、TERT mRNA疫苗、针对TERT的微小RNA和小分子TERT抑制剂。

13
结论
TERT启动子突变是端粒酶重新激活的关键机制,对尿路上皮癌的发病至关重要。这种突变是膀胱癌早期检测、诊断、鉴别诊断、预后和治疗反应预测的新兴临床生物标志物。对TERT启动子突变及其途径的深入理解将为膀胱癌患者开辟新的治疗途径。

总体评价


这篇文献提供了TERT启动子突变在膀胱癌中的全面概述,从分子机制到临床应用,涵盖了突变的流行病学、检测方法和治疗潜力。它为临床医生和研究人员提供了宝贵的信息,有助于改善膀胱癌的诊断和管理。



参考文献:Cheng Liang,Zhang Shaobo,Wang Mingsheng & LopezBeltran Antonio.(2022).Biological and clinical perspectives of TERT promoter mutation detection on bladder cancer diagnosis and management..Human pathology56-75.




作者简介

程亮(Liang Cheng)

医学博士 外科学博士(M.D., M.S.)

病理学和外科学/泌尿外科学教授
Professor of Pathology and Surgery/Urology

布朗大学沃伦·阿尔珀特医学院病理学和检验医学系转化研究副主席、解剖病理学主任、分子病理学主任

Vice Chair for Translational Research

Director of Anatomic Pathology

Director of Molecular Pathology

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
学术兼职:
国际泌尿系统病理学学会(ISUP)当选主席;
《美国翻译研究杂志》主编;
《精准医疗与药物开发专家评论》主编;

美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)“人工智能在前列腺癌护理中的应用”教育项目的主席。

研究方向:

主要研究方向为是泌尿生殖系统癌症的转化研究和实体肿瘤的分子诊断。

学术成果:
曾在SCI收录高影响力杂志上发表论文超1200篇(累计引用70425次、H指数131,i10指数943),涉及杂志有BMJ(IF 107), Nature Reviews Disease Primers(IF 81), Nature Biotechnology(IF 68), Cancer Cell(IF 50), Journal of Clinical Oncology(IF 50), JAMA Oncology(IF 32), Annals of Oncology(IF 51), Molecular Cancer(IF 41), Cell Metabolism(IF 31), Gut(IF 31), Science Immunology(IF 30)等。为150余部书籍、教材编委,包括泌尿外科病理学、肾脏肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤及相关尿结构(AFIP丛书,第5系列)、分子遗传学病理学、分子外科病理学、解剖病理学要点、膀胱病理学等。



介评简介

古丽江 医学博士

曲江新区医院泌尿外科

2024年毕业于西安交通大学医学部外科学专业

发表SCI文章2篇(一作)


声明:本内容仅供医学药学专业人士阅读,不构成任何实际治疗建议。转载后台请联系授权,侵权必究!

编辑:肖慧娟

校对:何婷

终审:古丽江



下期更精彩

点击这里即可获取原文内容

大家泌尿
泌尿医师大家庭
 最新文章