郑刚教授:老年人急性冠状动脉综合征药物治疗研究最新进展

健康   2024-10-19 18:30   上海  

作者:泰达国际心血管病医院 郑刚

老年患者在急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的管理中接受指南指导的药物治疗的可能性低于年轻患者,尽管年龄是心血管疾病负担和死亡率的独立危险因素[1-2]。影响这种治疗的几个因素——风险悖论。衰老会影响药代动力学和药效学,通过降低肾功能和肝脏灌注,导致身体脂肪和肌肉质量组成的变化,并可能增加药物耐受性和药物相关不良反应的风险[1-2]。ACS的药物治疗试验通常排除或低估75岁以上的患者[3-4]。老年患者经常患有多种合并症,并伴有多种药物-疾病相互作用。最后,多药治疗(使用≥5种药物)在老年人群中很常见,从而增加了药物相互作用的风险。ACS后增加进一步的药物可能会增加药物错误、缺乏依从性和住院的风险[5]。灵活性和视力障碍也可能损害老年人遵守推荐药物治疗的能力[6]。虽然剂量给药辅助工具在这方面有所帮助,但它们也会增加治疗成本。在这种情况下,必须仔细考虑ACS的药物管理,以及其可能增加跌倒、意识模糊和认知、虚弱和功能的风险,治疗建议的证据基础也是如此[7]

1 双重抗血小板治疗(DAPT)

ACS后12个月内,低剂量阿司匹林联合强效P2Y₁₂抑制剂(普拉格雷[prasugrel]或替卡格雷[ticagrel])是推荐的标准双重抗血小板治疗(DAPT)策略,尽管其出血风险较高,但在减少缺血事件方面优于氯吡格雷[1-2]。然而,ACS后老年人群的DAPT治疗可能具有挑战性,因为经常存在多种并发症和复杂的冠状动脉疾病(CAD),从而增加了出血和/或血栓形成的风险。2021年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会(ACC/AHA)冠状动脉血运重建指南建议,由于出血风险增加,接受标准DAPT治疗的老年人应谨慎使用更强效的P2Y₁₂抑制剂[4]。同样,最近2023年欧洲心脏病学会ACS管理指南新建议将氯吡格雷作为P2Y₁₂抑制剂用于老年ACS患者(≥70岁),特别是高出血风险患者(2B级,B级建议)[3]。因此,应考虑出血风险与血栓形成风险,以及标准与替代DAPT策略,以更好地个性化DAPT治疗。
1.1评估出血和血栓风险  建议使用两个临床评分来评估ACS后接受DAPT治疗的高出血风险(HBR)老年患者[8]。PRECISE-DAPT评分包括五种标准(年龄、肌酐清除率、血红蛋白水平、白细胞计数和既往自发性出血),用于预测DAPT的院外出血风险,评分≥25表示HBR[9]。高出血风险学术研究联盟(ARC-HBR)制定了临床和生化数据的共识定义,其中如果至少存在一个主要标准和两个次要标准,则认为患者患有HBR[10]。鉴于年龄是两种评分方法的一个标准患者经常被确定为患有HBR。在接受抗血小板治疗和复杂经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)(治疗三支血管、植入三个或更多支架、治疗三个或多个病变、植入两个支架的分叉、支架总长度>60mm、手术旁路移植物或目标病变处的慢性完全闭塞、使用动脉粥样硬化装置或左主干PCI)时,有支架血栓形成病史的患者可以考虑HBR [11]。还应考虑缺血性风险和导致心血管危险因素的合并症。对老年ACSII试验的事后分析,比较了减少剂量的普拉格雷(每天5mg)和氯吡格雷,发现强效的P2Y₁₂抑制显著降低了ACS后30天的缺血事件风险,但增加了随后31~365天的出血率[12]。ACS后的血栓形成风险在急性期很高,并随着时间的推移逐渐降低,而出血风险保持不变;因此,DAPT治疗及其持续时间可以量身定制,以更好地匹配老年人的这一水平。
1.2标准DAPT治疗  在替卡格雷和普拉格雷的关键试验中,年龄≥75岁的老年患者代表性不足。这一人群仅占PLATO试验参与者的15.5%(n=2 878)和TRITON-TIMI 38试验参与者的13%(n=1 770)[13-14]。随后,进行了几项研究和事后分析,为老年人标准DAPT治疗提供了进一步的证据。
1.3 替卡格雷与氯吡格雷  作为标准DAPT治疗,替卡格雷在老年人群中比氯吡格雷具有缺血性益处的证据不一致。与接受替卡格雷治疗的75岁以下老年患者相比,PLATO试验在75岁以上老年患者中的一项亚研究继续显示缺血事件减少,但大出血率没有增加[15]。相比之下,POPular AGE随机对照试验(RCT)没有显示替卡格雷比氯吡格雷改善70岁以上患者的缺血结局,并且与出血率显著升高有关[16]。一项研究中47%(n=238)的患者提前停药替卡格雷,这可能限制了替卡格雷的潜在益处,但也可能重新体现了老年患者在维持高效抗血小板治疗方面的现实局限性[16]。SWEDHEART登记处最近对ACS年龄≥80岁患者的观察分析与氯吡格雷相比,接受替卡格雷治疗的患者死亡和出血风险更高[17]
1.4 普拉格雷与氯吡格雷 在TRITON-TIMI 38试验的老年队列中,普拉格雷与氯吡格雷相比,全剂量(每日10mg)普拉格雷作为标准DAPT治疗,没有发现净临床效益,主要原因是严重和致命出血的风险显著升高[14]。因此,欧洲药品管理局和美国食品和药物管理局不建议在75岁以上的老年患者中普遍使用普拉格雷,除非风险很高,如果使用,建议每天减少5mg的剂量[2,18]。在两项ACS试验中,对老年患者进行了普拉格雷与氯吡格雷的减剂量比较研究。老年ACSII试验涉及74岁以上接受早期PCI治疗的ACS患者,低剂量普拉格雷没有显示出显著的缺血性益处,但确实发现了更高的显著出血率[19]
在TRIOLOGY ACS亚组分析中,在ACS后接受药物治疗的75岁以上老年患者中,与氯吡格雷相比,普拉格雷剂量减少导致缺血或出血结果没有差异[20]。对所有参与者以及接受血运重建的稳定型缺血性心脏病患者群体的现实研究表明,使用P2Y₁₂抑制剂分层后,缺血和出血结果具有可比性[21]
1.5 改变DAPT策略  DAPT的降级需要在ACS后的12个月内从更有效的P2Y₁₂抑制剂(替卡格雷或普拉格雷)切换到氯吡格雷[3]。DAPT治疗的降级可以通过血小板功能检测或CYP2C19基因分型来指导,也可以根据临床评估(非指导性选择性)或预先确定的时间段(非指导统一)来指导。降级的目标是在指标事件后最大限度地保护缺血,同时最大限度地降低出血风险。
缩短老年HBR患者的DAPT治疗(≤6个月)并过渡到单药抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林或氯吡格雷)是另一种可以考虑的策略。与标准DAPT治疗相比,评估ACS患者短期DAPT的试验持续时间为1至6个月[22-24]。Fujisaki等[25]最近发表的一项荟萃分析比较了16项试验中ACS后老年人(n=47911)各种DAPT策略的有效性和安全性。这些策略分为氯吡格雷DAPT、强效P2Y₁₂抑制剂DAPT、均匀降级、引导降级和短期DAPT。该研究得出结论,与使用强效P2Y₁₂抑制剂的DAPT相比,统一的降级策略与改善的净临床效益有关[25]。短期DAPT是减少缺血结果的最无效策略。然而,与强效P2Y₁₂抑制剂相比,短期DAPT显著减少了大出血,对于HBR的老年患者来说,这可能是一种合理的选择,没有高血栓形成风险[25]
老年人的DAPT治疗应根据出血风险和血栓形成风险进行个性化。应考虑降低DAPT治疗的剂量,特别是如果HBR与高血栓形成风险有关。在这种决策中使用风险分层工具是有必要的,需要进一步研究基于人工智能的模型(如基于机器的学习方法)的效用,以进一步个性化决策[26]
1.6 抗凝和抗血小板联合治疗 由于房颤(AF)和卒中风险的发生率随着年龄的增长而增加,许多ACS后的老年患者也可能同时有抗凝预防AF卒中的适应症,从而进一步增加出血风险[27]。在WOEST试验中,将氯吡格雷和华法林双重抗血栓治疗(DAT)与氯吡格雷、阿司匹林和华法林三重抗血栓疗法(TAT)进行比较,DAT与出血的显著减少有关,而血栓事件的发生率没有增加[28]。后续试验比较了TAT或DAT策略与直接作用口服抗凝剂(DOAC)和华法林在不同持续时间下的疗效,DOAC显示出血风险较低,血栓事件没有增加[29-32]
根据目前的证据,对于有抗凝指征的老年患者,经PCI后应仅考虑短期TAT(≤1~4周)。应优先选择DOAC而非维生素K拮抗剂,以及DAPT与氯吡格雷和阿司匹林[1]。应继续使用DOAC和氯吡格雷过渡到DAT 6~12个月,此后应单独过渡到DOAC,除非发现明显高的缺血风险[33-34]。抗血栓治疗的确切持续时间和组合应根据缺血和出血风险进行个性化和指导[27]
2 质子泵抑制剂 (PPI)
降低胃肠道出血风险PPI可降低接受抗血栓治疗的患者发生上胃十二指肠出血的风险[35-36]。在老年人的DAPT比较试验中,大多数患者都明显使用了PPI[16-19]。如果PPI在DAPT、DAT或TAT期间开始降低出血风险,则应在适当的情况下在此期间后尝试停止。尽管数据令人困惑,但一些观察性研究表明,长期PPI治疗可能与维生素B₁₂缺乏、肺炎、骨折、缺铁、慢性肾病(CKD)和难辨梭菌感染有关[37]。如果选择的抗血小板药物是氯吡格雷,还应考虑PPI和氯吡格雷之间存在的药物相互作用,特别是通过CYPC219与奥美拉唑和埃索美拉唑的相互作用,以及抗血小板活性的潜在影响,并应开具替代PPI[38]
对于所有接受DAPT、DAT或TAT治疗且胃肠道出血风险较高的老年患者,应考虑使用PPI。如果可能的话,应考虑避免长期使用PPI,如果出血风险降至可接受的水平,则应随后进行降压。
3 降脂治疗
通过开始大剂量他汀类药物治疗实现的强化降脂治疗是ACS后二级预防的关键目标。然而,不同指南对老年患者的建议不同[3,39]。在年龄≥75岁的患者中,最近的一项荟萃分析证实了低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)降低的有效性,并且在老年患者和年轻患者之间观察到所有主要心血管事件的风险降低相似[40]。在他汀类和非他汀类(依折麦布和PCSK9抑制剂)试验中观察到了这种变化[40]。在可能的情况下,对于ACS后的老年患者,应考虑开始高剂量、高强度他汀类药物治疗,并应考虑可能影响处方选择的药物相互作用或合并症。如果不能耐受高强度他汀类药物治疗,中等强度他汀类与依折麦布联合使用似乎对老年人具有类似的心血管益处[41]。肌病和他汀类药物治疗引起的肌肉相关不良反应很常见,必须予以考虑[42]。老年患者遇到他汀类药物诱导的肌病并因跌倒增加、体力活动减少或残疾而受到伤害的发生率尚未得到很好的认识,需要进一步的研究[43]。售后市场报告中提出了对他汀类药物相关认知能力下降的担忧,但在随机对照试验中没有观察到这种关系[44]
应考虑在ACS后开始对老年患者使用高强度他汀类药物,除非虚弱、合并症和/或药物-药物或药物-疾病相互作用有利于降低他汀类药物的剂量或强度。使用他汀药物后,有必要密切监测不利影响;如果出现这种影响,考虑到该药物的益处,应立即减少剂量以确保持续的依从性。
4 β受体阻滞剂治疗
支持在ACS后使用β受体阻滞剂的证据在左心室射血分数(LVEF)降低、大面积前壁心肌梗死(MI)或快速心律失常的患者中最强[3,45]。可以考虑在该队列之外常规使用β受体阻滞剂;然而,当代观察性研究表明,自再灌注治疗和渐进式药物治疗出现以来,死亡率降低,对此,大型随机对照试验仍在进行中[46-51]。有趣的是,最近发表的REDUCE-AMI试验结果表明,在MI后接受早期冠状动脉造影且LVEF保持不变的患者中,β受体阻滞剂没有显著疗效[52]。在最近对1 156名年龄≥80岁的ACS患者进行的一项观察性研究中,出院时使用β受体阻滞剂与26个月平均随访期内心血管死亡率的降低没有显著相关性[53]。老年人对β受体阻滞剂的耐受性可能较低,除了合并支气管痉挛综合征外,还会增加静息传导疾病和明显疲劳的风险[54]
老年ACS患者在LVEF没有降低的情况下接受β受体阻滞剂治疗的持续时间以及降压的时间仍然未知[3]。最近一项针对6 893名年龄≥65岁接受β受体阻滞剂治疗的患者与未接受β受体阻断剂治疗的患者的观察性研究报告称,无论剂量如何,3年后的心血管结局都没有差异[88]。对年轻患者的研究表明,甚至有可能更早地停止,并且表明1年或更早的心血管结局没有差异,尽管现有的证据令人困惑[26-63]。如果老年患者在ACS后开始使用β受体阻滞剂,必须仔细考虑监测低血压、心动过缓、疲劳或呼吸困难等不良反应;如果生活质量受到影响,应考虑减少或停止剂量[54]
5 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统抑制剂
血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)可改善ACS后患者的预后,特别是LVEF降低≤40%、CKD、糖尿病和/或高血压的患者[3,45]。在ACS后收缩功能降低的老年患者中,AIRE试验和SAVE试验中≥65岁的患者亚组显示,长期使用ACEI可显著降低死亡率[64-65]。血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB)可被视为无法耐受ACEI的患者ACEI治疗的替代品[66-69]。在老年人中,由于担心高钾血症、肾功能恶化和低血压等并发症,ACEI或ARB可能使用不足[70]。这可以通过确保在引入的前12周和任何后续剂量变化时密切监测血压、血清钾和肾功能来克服[71]
如果肌酐清除率比基线增加>30%(或eGFR降低>25%),则应减少或停止ACEI或ARB剂量[4]。众所周知,ACS后开始使用ACEI或ARB是有益的,但其效果可扩展到预防和管理糖尿病肾病,糖尿病肾病在老年人群中通常是合并症[72]。有证据表明,ACEI治疗可以改善老年人的身体功能;然而,还需要进一步的研究[73-74]。最近一项对老年患者的荟萃分析表明,服用穿过血脑屏障的ACEI或ARB的患者(ACEI:卡托普利、福辛普利、赖诺普利、培哚普利、雷米普利和曲多普利;ARB:替米沙坦和坎地沙坦)在3年时的记忆力比服用不穿过血脑障碍的ACEI和ARB的病人更好[75]。ACEI和ARB的后负荷减少也被认为有利于主动脉瓣疾病的治疗,即使不严重,这种疾病也经常在老年患者中共存[76]
对于ACS后的老年患者,尤其是左心室收缩功能障碍的患者,应考虑使用ACEI或ARB,特别是如果同时存在合并症,可以获得双重益处;有必要密切监测不良反应。
6 其他药物治疗
EPHESUS试验研究了在ACS后的最佳药物治疗中添加盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂依普利酮,与安慰剂相比,使用依普利酮的死亡率显著降低(RR 0.85;p=0.008);然而,在年龄≥65岁患者的FFND研究队列中没有观察到这种效果[77]。PARADIS-MI试验比较了MI后患者的ACEI(雷米普利)和血管紧张素受体抑制剂和沙库巴曲(诺欣妥),与雷米普利相比,诺欣妥的心血管原因死亡或心力衰竭发生率没有显着降低(11.9%对13.2%;HR 0.90p=0.17)[78]。最近的观察数据表明,2型糖尿病患者在ACS后早期开始使用钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂可改善预后;然而,需要进一步的随机对照试验来证实老年人的这种益处和适应症[79-80]。需要继续研究以确定新的药物治疗方法,以提高老年人ACS后的发病率和死亡率。
小结
老年人ACS的管理面临着独特的挑战,因为除了了解管理策略的风险-收益比外,还存在与年龄相关的生理变化、老年综合征的流行、患者的护理目标和虚弱。解决这些问题需要进一步的研究,以及调整指导方针,以弥合现有差距,应对这一不断增长的人口带来的不断变化的挑战。本文描述老年患者的ACS药物,通过解决现有指南中的显著差距,本问旨在为临床医生提供老年人群ACS管理复杂性的简明而全面的概述。



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