01
原文:Jacob M, Zerwer K L. Emission Taxes and Capital Investments: The Role of Tax Incidence[J]. The Accounting Review, 2024: 1-32.
Emission Taxes and Capital Investments: The Role of Tax Incidence
ABSTRACT: This paper examines investment responses to emission taxes and the role of tax incidence in passing on tax burdens. Using private firms from Spain and the introduction of an emission tax in 2013 in the Autonomous Community Valenciana, we show that investments decline in response to the emission tax. Importantly, this investment decline does not depend on the level of pollution but on economic factors related to tax incidence. Investments in firms operating in highly competitive markets, firms with low pricing power, and firms with low financial flexibility are the most affected by environmental taxes. We generalize the investment findings using the introduction of carbon taxes in France and Ireland in a stacked difference-in-differences design. Overall, our results indicate that emission taxes affect not only polluters but also other firms and stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, and consumers depending on the relative elasticities of supply and demand.
排放税和资本投资:税收归属的作用
摘要:文章研究了排放税对投资的影响以及税收归属在传递税收负担中的作用。文章利用西班牙的私营企业以及2013年在瓦伦西亚自治区引入的排放税,展示了投资在排放税的影响中下降的情况。重要的是,这种投资下降并不取决于污染水平,而是取决于与税收归属相关的经济因素。在高度竞争的市场中、具有低定价权力的企业以及财务灵活性低的企业,受环境税影响最大。文章在法国和爱尔兰引入碳税的情况下,采用堆叠的差异法设计,将投资结果类推到更大的范围。总的来说,文章的结果表明,排放税不仅影响污染者,还影响其他企业和利益相关者,如供应商、客户和消费者,这取决于供需的相对弹性。
亮点:(1)文章丰富了会计文献中关于税收对投资影响的研究(e.g., Ljungqvist, Zhang, and Zuo 2017; Langenmayr and Lester 2018; Bethmann, Jacob, and Muller 2018; Dobridge 2021; Kim, Nessa, and Wilson 2021)。尽管先前的文献集中讨论了企业缴纳的税收,但文章展示了企业污染税如何溢出到其他公司,从而影响可能甚至不缴纳这些税收的公司的投资效果;(2)企业支付的税收会转嫁给其他利益相关者,取决于可以影响企业关键决策(如资本投资)的市场力量和条件。这为环境税归属主要通过提高价格影响消费者,而不是专门关注焦点公司的文献做出了贡献;(3)排放税并不一定会影响高排放行业公司的投资,因为税收成本可以转嫁给供应商或客户。因此,排放税可能不会产生预期的影响,这表明政策制定者可能需要利用其监管工具箱中的其他工具来应对污染企业,并使其成为气候政策中更有效的参与者。
02
原文:Bai J, Ru H. Carbon emissions trading and environmental protection: International evidence[J]. Management Science, 2024.
The nail that sticks out: corporate social responsibility and shareholder proposals
ABSTRACT: We study how the implementation of emissions trading systems (ETSs) impacts emissions reductions and the usage of renewable energy using a panel sample of the largest 100 countries worldwide. Exploiting cross-country variations in ETS implementations, we show that ETS adoption materially reduced greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) emissions by 12.1% (18.1%). Moreover, ETSs reduced overall emissions by cutting the usage of fossil fuels such as coal by 23.70% while boosting the usage of renewable energy by 61.59%, on average. In contrast, introducing carbon taxes has a less effective impact on emissions reduction. It fails to boost the usage of renewable energy, though elevating tax rates and expanding tax coverage may help enhance the efficacy of carbon taxes.
碳排放交易与环境保护:国际证据
摘要:文章研究了排放交易系统(ETS)的实施对减排和可再生能源利用的影响,使用的是全球最大的100个国家的面板样本。利用不同国家或地区之间排放交易系统实施的差异,文章发现,ETS的采用显著减少了温室气体(二氧化碳)排放量,平均减少了12.1%(18.1%)。此外,ETS通过削减煤炭等化石燃料的使用量23.70%,同时平均提升了可再生能源的使用率61.59%。相比之下,引入碳税对减排效果影响较小。尽管提高税率和扩大税收范围可能有助于增强碳税的效力,但它无法促进可再生能源的使用。
亮点: (1)文章估计了100个国家或地区实施ETS的影响,提供了关于排放交易系统(ETS)效果的国际定量估计。通过使用堆叠的DID方法,文章估计的不是在一个国家实施ETS前后的排放差异,而是在一个给定年份实施ETS和未实施ETS的国家之间的差异。第二,文章确定了ETS有效性的机制。文章提供了直接证据表明,在ETS实施后,电力更多地由可再生能源生产,而非化石燃料能源。第三,文章为有关ETS与碳税的政策辩论补充了新的证据。关于哪种气候政策更有效的问题,文献观点存在较大分歧。一些支持碳税(Bushnell et al. 2013, Metcalf 2019, among others),而另一些则支持ETS(Keohane 2009, Ellerman et al. 2016)。文章量化比较了这两种气候政策,并显示出ETS实施大大减少了排放量,并且在经济效果上比碳税更为显著。此外,引入碳税有助于减少排放,但在促进可再生能源采用方面效果不佳,而ETS的实施实现了这两个目标。
03
原文:Ivanov I T, Kruttli M S, Watugala S W. Banking on carbon: Corporate lending and cap-and-trade policy[J]. The Review of Financial Studies, 2024, 37(5): 1640-1684.
Banking on Carbon: Corporate Lending and Cap-and-Trade Policy
ABSTRACT: We estimate the effect of carbon pricing policy on bank credit to greenhouse-gas-emitting firms. Our analyses exploit the geographic restrictions inherent in California’s cap-and-trade bill and a discontinuity in the embedded free permit threshold of the federal Waxman-Markey cap-and-trade bill. Affected high emission firms face shorter loan maturities, lower access to permanent forms of bank financing, higher interest rates, and higher participation of shadow banks in their lending syndicates. These effects are concentrated among private firms, while credit terms of public firms are largely unaffected. Overall, we show that banks respond quickly to realizations of transition risk.
与碳相关的银行业:公司贷款和碳交易政策
摘要:文章估计碳定价政策对排放温室气体的公司的银行信贷的影响。文章利用了加利福尼亚州碳交易法案中固有的地理限制,以及联邦Waxman-Markey碳交易法案中嵌入的免费配额阈值的不连续性。受影响的高排放公司面临较短的贷款到期期限,较低的永久形式银行融资准入率,较高的利率,以及其贷款联合融资中影子银行的参与率较高。这些影响主要集中在私营企业中,而上市企业的信贷基本上不受影响。总体而言,文章展示了银行对过渡风险(transition risk)的实现迅速做出反应。
亮点:(1)文章展示了银行贷款方会积极管理与气候政策相关的过渡风险敞口,商业贷款关系的流动性使得银行能够通过贷款的重新谈判,迅速调整其对覆盖企业的敞口。银行会预估碳交易政策将给私营企业带来更大的负担,随着这些企业在面临支付碳价格的时候,企业的融资也在收紧。这些不利影响可能会危及一些污染行业企业的生存。(2)文章的数据能够区分上市和私营企业,并全面衡量债务合同结构以及双边和联合银行贷款的价格,有助于理解银行如何管理在气候变化立法时期的风险敞口。
本文仅用于学术交流
原文版权归原作者和原发刊所有
转载请注明出处
总编:游家兴
解析:陈俊鑫
审校:伟丽斯 黎俞宏
编辑:潘芳妍