【文献速递第267期】JAR期刊关于环境信息披露的三篇论文

文摘   财经   2024-11-25 07:22   浙江  

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01

原文:Lin, Y., Shen, R., Wang, J., and Yu, J. Y. Global Evolution of Environmental and Social Disclosure in Annual Reports. Journal of Accounting Research, 2024, 62(5): 1941-1988.


Global Evolution of Environmental and

Social Disclosure in Annual Reports


ABSTRACT: We study environmental and social (E&S) disclosures in annual reports. Using the word embedding model to examine over 210,000 annual reports from 24,271 public firms in 30 international countries/regions between 2001 and 2020, we create an E&S dictionary that allows us to document trends in annual report E&S disclosure. Specifically, we find: (1) increases in length and boilerplate language and (2) decreases in specificity. Our results also suggest that E&S disclosure quality improves after the adoption of voluntary ESG reporting frameworks but deteriorates after disclosure mandates. Our findings provide systematic evidence on the evolution of E&S disclosure in annual reports over the past two decades and shed light on how voluntary and mandatory standards have shaped global E&S reporting practices.


年度报告中环境与社会责任信息披露的全球演变


摘要文章研究了年度报告中的环境与社会(E&S)披露。使用词嵌入模型,文章检验了2001~2020年来自30个国家地区的24,271家上市公司210,000份年度报告,创建了一个E&S词典,使能够记录年度报告E&S披露的变化趋势。具体而言文章发现:(1)披露的长度和模板化语言增加,(2)披露的具体性减少。研究结果还表明,在采用自愿性ESG报告框架之后,E&S披露质量有所提高但在披露要求实施之后有所下降。文章的发现为过去20年年度报告中E&S披露演变提供了系统性证据,并揭示了自愿性和强制性标准如何塑造了全球E&S报告实践。


亮点(1)首先,该文章是第一个系统检验大型跨国公司20多年内年度报告E&S信息披露的文本和视觉属性研究,补充了现有关于E&S披露决定因素和经济后果的文献。(2)其次,本文的研究为学者提供了一个全面的工具(词典)来衡量和评估E&S披露。先前的文献多依赖于人工评分、商业文本分析软件或专有ESG数据库来衡量E&S披露。然而,这种披露措施受到一些限制(例如:大样本中的实施成本高昂,缺乏透明度和可比性)。相比之下,本文的方法提供了一组重要的经验措施,能捕捉E&S披露的数量和质量。(3)最后,当前ESG信息披露愈发重要,本文实证分析发现的E&S披露样板语言增加特异性语言减少的情形强调了加强披露质量的紧迫性和重要性。同时,这也为政府部门、监管机构提供了与ESG报告相关事宜的循证决策。


02

原文:Abraham, J., Olbert, M., and Vasvari, F. ESG Disclosures in the Private Equity Industry. Journal of Accounting Research, 2024, 62(5): 1611-1660.


ESG Disclosures in the Private Equity Industry


ABSTRACT: This paper offers the first systematic evidence on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures provided by a large global sample of private equity (PE) firms. Using historical websites from 2000 to 2022, we develop and validate a novel dictionary-based measure of voluntary PE firm ESG disclosures. Descriptive statistics reveal an increasing time trend in these disclosures, with social topics becoming as important as environmental topics recently. Multivariate analyses show that the demand for ESG information from fund investors is a significant determinant of PE firmsESG disclosures. Leveraging data on PE firmsportfolio companies, we document that more PE firm ESG disclosures are associated with better ESG outcomes at the portfolio company level, suggesting that voluntary ESG disclosures align with real actions for the average PE firm.


私募股权行业的ESG披露


摘要:本文提供了第一个样本源于大型全球私募股权公司关于环境、社会和治理(ESG)披露的系统证据。利用2000~2022年的历史网站,开发并验证了一种基于词典的新型私募股权公司自愿ESG披露度量方法。描述性统计显示,这些信息披露的时间趋势愈发明显,社会话题变得与环境话题一样重要。多变量分析表明,基金投资者对ESG信息的需求是私募股权公司ESG信息披露的重要决定因素。利用私募股权公司投资组合公司层级的数据,作者证实了私募股权公司更多的ESG信息披露与其投资组合公司层面更好的ESG成果相关,表明自愿披露ESG信息与普通私募股权公司的实际行动一致。


亮点(1)作者引入了一种新颖、透明且直观的ESG相关网站自愿披露措施,这一衡量标准在私募股权投资环境中有用性高,因为私募股权投资公司大多在没有强制性报告要求的情况下经营,其投资者往往更依赖于私人信息渠道。(2)文章扩展了迄今为止仅限于公开上市企业的研究成果。由于私募股权公司不存在由商业供应商提供ESG评级的代表性小组,本文证明了有限合伙人是私募股权公司自愿ESG披露的重要驱动力,并且自愿ESG披露与ESG绩效呈正相关,丰富了私募股权公司ESG披露的研究成果。(3)文章补充了私募股权公司对投资组合公司客户、员工和地方政府等利益相关者影响的文献。研究表明,私募股权公司ESG信息披露与投资组合公司层面ESG成果具有高度一致性。因此,文章为担忧私募股权公司缺乏透明度并考虑制定ESG披露规则以解决潜在“漂绿”问题的监管机构提供借鉴


03

原文:Jiang, Y. Comply or Explain: Do Firms Opportunistically Claim Trade Secrets in Mandatory Environmental Disclosure Programs?. Journal of Accounting Research, 2024, 62(5): 1755-1794.


Comply or Explain: Do Firms Opportunistically Claim Trade Secrets in Mandatory Environmental Disclosure Programs?


ABSTRACT: This paper studies whether firms opportunistically make proprietary claims in mandatory environmental disclosure programs with trade secret exemption rules. Examining the mandatory chemical disclosure program in the fracking industry, I find evidence of opportunistic withholding of information among operators that are less likely to have trade secrets. Specifically, I find that these operators claim fewer chemicals as trade secrets when the operating site is in close proximity to water quality monitors. This is only observed among publicly traded operators that face a higher cost of societal backlash when disclosing pollutant information. Further analyses suggest that these operators are concerned about external environmental monitoring, which deters them from opportunistic information withholding. Regarding public and private operators that are more likely to have trade secrets, I do not find strong evidence that their information withholding varies with the monitoring conditions.


遵从还是解释:企业是否会在强制性环境披露计划中投机地设置商业秘密?


摘要:文章研究了企业在具有商业秘密豁免规则的强制性环境披露项目中是否存在机会主义的专利主张。在研究了水力压裂(hydraulic fracking,HF)行业的强制性化学品披露计划后,作者发现,在不太可能拥有商业秘密的经营者中存在投机性隐瞒信息的证据。具体而言,作者发现当作业地点离水质监测仪很近时,这些经营者将少量的化学物质作为其商业秘密,这种现象仅在公开交易的经营者中观察得到,因为这些经营者在披露污染物信息时面临着更高的社会反弹成本。进一步分析表明,这些经营者多担心外部环境监测,因为其阻止了他们机会性隐瞒信息的可能。对于更有可能拥有商业秘密的公共和私营经营者而言,文章并未发现有力的证据表明他们的信息隐瞒随监测条件而变化。


亮点:(1)首先,文章对战略隐瞒的文献做出了贡献,探讨了企业隐瞒敏感商业信息的动机。以往学者发现激烈的产品市场竞争鼓励创新披露,而激烈的技术竞争阻碍创新披露。文章的证据表明,创新经营者会隐瞒敏感信息以保护其生产力优势。(2)其次,文章补充了公众监督和审查影响错误报告发生率的文献。文章发现审查会导致更高的预期成本和更低的错误报告发生率。先前的研究主要关注审查对财务误报的影响,而本文拓展至非财务(环境)信息的误报。(3)文章对强制性ESG披露的文献做出了贡献。专有成本与强制性ESG报告高度相关,因为此类报告通常涉及企业的商业战略或运营信息。商业机密豁免能帮助企业更好的保护知识产权,同时也产生了意想不到的后果,即商业机密豁免使公司利用机会主义隐藏其可能提供的不利信息。



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