01
原文:Gao J, Wang W, Wu Y. Human Capital Portability and Careers in Finance[J]. The Review of Financial Studies, 2024, 37(9): 2732-2778.
Human Capital Portability and Careers in Finance
ABSTRACT: How does firm-specific human capital shape careers in the finance industry? We build a dynamic model where workers accumulate portable and nonportable (firm-specific) human capital and learn about their match quality with employers. Estimating the model using granular data on M&A advisory bankers, we show that a large fraction of bankers’ human capital is nonportable, ranging from 12% to 46% across different firm types. Bankers make a dynamic trade-off between portability and returns on human capital, leading to time-varying job preferences over their life cycle. Our results have broad implications for careers in finance and the provision of financial services.
人力资本可转移性与金融职业
摘要:公司特有的人力资本如何塑造金融行业员工的职业生涯?本文建立了一个动态模型,这个模型包含了,员工积累的可转移和不可转移的(特定于公司的)人力资本,并了解他们与雇主的匹配质量。文章利用并购顾问银行的数据对模型进行了估计,结果表明,银行家的人力资本中有很大一部分是不可转移的,在不同的公司类型中,这一比例从12%到46%不等。银行家在可转移性和人力资本回报之间进行动态权衡,导致他们在生命周期中对工作的偏好随时间变化。文章的研究结果对金融职业和金融服务的提供具有广泛的影响。
亮点:(1)首先,本文通过建立数学模型来探究人力资本对公司的影响。文章率先量化了金融行业员工人力资本的可转移性(公司特有人力资本的比例),并用模型刻画了可转移性如何影响员工的职业生涯。(2)其次,本文丰富了对企业特有人力资本相关的研究。文章通过结合结构估计和并购顾问交易历史的数据,量化了人力资本不可转移的程度,同时本文还发现,技能密集型产业的工人仍然拥有大量的不可转移的人力资本,即使他们属于相同的职业并执行类似的任务。(3)最后,本文的研究对资本错配相关的文献有贡献。过往的研究主要集中在实物资本配置上,并考察各种摩擦如何扭曲资本流动,本文发现企业特有知识缺乏可转移性是导致人力资本错配的关键因素。
02
原文:d'Astous P, Shore S H. Human Capital Risk and Portfolio Choices: Evidence from University Admission Discontinuities[J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 2024, 154: 103793.
Human capital risk and portfolio choices: Evidence from university admission discontinuities
ABSTRACT: Theory suggests that increasing idiosyncratic, uninsurable labor income risk may cause individuals to reduce the risk in their financial assets. This relationship is confounded empirically by the tendency of risk tolerant people to choose riskier careers and hold riskier portfolios, leading to an upward-biased estimate of the effect of earnings risk on risky assets holdings. We overcome this identification problem by exploiting a discontinuity built into the Danish national university admissions system, which provides quasi-random assignment of similar applicants to programs with different earnings volatility profiles. Our methodology allows us to measure the causal impact of enrolling in a high-volatility program, holding fixed the average program earnings and human capital betas. We show that entering a program whose enrollees subsequently experience volatile earnings causes students to have more volatile earnings and, ceteris paribus, to hold fewer risky assets and be less likely to participate in the stock market. We calibrate our empirical results to a portfolio choice model with risky labor income that fits our empirical findings well with modest participation costs, myopic behavior, and reasonable levels of risk aversion.
人力资本风险与投资组合选择:来自大学录取不连续性的证据
摘要:理论认为,越来越多的特殊的、不保险的劳动收入风险可能导致个人降低其金融资产的风险。这种关系在实证上会被风险承受能力强的人倾向于选择风险更高的职业和持有风险更高的投资组合所混淆,从而导致对收益风险对风险资产持有的影响的向上有偏估计。本文通过利用丹麦国立大学招生产生的断点来克服这一识别问题,该招生系统为类似的申请人提供了准随机分配,这些申请人具有不同的收入波动曲线。本文的方法通过保持固定的平均项目收益和人力资本贝塔,能够衡量参加高波动性项目的因果影响。本文的研究表明,入学的学生随后经历不稳定收入的项目,会导致学生的收入更不稳定,而且在其他条件不变的情况下,他们持有的风险资产更少,参与股市的可能性也更小。本文将实证结果校准为具有风险劳动收入的投资组合选择模型,该模型在适度的参与成本、短视行为和合理的风险厌恶水平下很好地符合本文的实证结果。
亮点:(1)首先,本文在实证设计上利用录取的不连续性,从而识别了未观察到的风险厌恶可能会对劳动收入风险对投资组合选择的影响的估计产生的偏差。(2)其次,未被观察到的风险厌恶,确实使劳动收入风险对投资组合选择的影响的估计产生偏差。本文发现从低波动性到高波动性的大学学习项目对个人的永久性盈利波动具有巨大且大致一一对应的显著影响。
03
原文:Gao J, Wang W, Yu X. Big Fish in Small Ponds: Human Capital Migration and the Rise of Boutique Banks[J]. Management Science, 2024.
Big Fish in Small Ponds: Human Capital Migration and the Rise of Boutique Banks
ABSTRACT: We study the comparative advantage of firms with focused and multidivisional organizational forms at attracting valuable human capital. Using the merger and acquisition (M&A) advisory industry as a laboratory, we show that high-performing individuals are more likely to migrate to boutique (focused) banks, especially those who are still on the upward trajectory of their career. Such migration is amplified by the cross-subsidization inside bulge bracket (multidivisional) firms, proxied by poor performance of their non-M&A departments. The transition of skilled labor improves the performance of the boutique sector, potentially contributing to the rise of boutiques over the past two decades. Moreover, M&A deal outcomes differ when having boutique advisors. Our findings suggest that corporate organizational structure and labor migration can jointly shape industry dynamics.
小池塘里的大鱼:人力资本迁移与精品银行的兴起
摘要:本文研究了具有集中和多部门组织形式的公司在吸引有价值的人力资本方面的比较优势。文章以并购咨询行业为实验对象,发现表现出色的个人更有可能跳槽到精品银行(专注于并购交易咨询的小型银行),尤其是那些仍处于职业生涯上升轨道的人。由于非并购部门表现不佳,大型公司(多部门)内部的交叉补贴放大了这种迁移。熟练劳动力的转变改善了精品银行的表现,可能有助于精品银行过去二十年中的崛起。此外,在拥有精品银行顾问的情况下,并购交易的结果会有所不同。研究结果表明,企业组织结构和劳动力迁移可以共同影响产业动态。
亮点:(1)首先,本文丰富了多元化企业内部资本和劳动力市场的交叉补贴相关的文献。本文提供的新证据表明,多部门企业内部的交叉补贴可能对高技能工人没有吸引力,从而导致人力资本的跨部门再配置。因此,我们的研究通过确定公司组织结构和劳动力迁移共同塑造行业动态的新渠道丰富了这类文献。(2)本文的研究结果还补充了先前并购咨询公司和具有更丰富交易经验的并购银行家个人对价值创造的研究。本文的发现表明,随着高技能银行家逐渐迁移到精品公司,他们可能会改变并购市场中正在进行的交易的类型和结果,从而为这一文献做出贡献。(3)最后,本文对新兴的研究人力资本再配置的实际影响的文献做出了贡献。文章关注的是企业组织结构在多大程度上触发了人力资本迁移,而人力资本迁移反过来又有助于塑造行业动态。
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总编:游家兴
解析:陈沁圆
审校:林慧
编辑:潘芳妍