01
原文:Wang W, Yung C. Employment Protection and Venture Capital Investment: The Impact of Wrongful Discharge Laws[J]. Management Science, 2024.
Employment Protection and Venture Capital Investment: The Impact of Wrongful Discharge Laws
ABSTRACT: Wrongful discharge laws (WDLs) provide limits to the employment-at-will doctrine, and thus impair operating flexibility, increasing expected financial distress costs by making it costly to fire employees. This impairment is detrimental to start-ups, leading to a decline in venture capital (VC) investment. Using a difference-in-differences framework enabled by the staggered adoption of WDLs across the U.S. states, we show VC investment declines after a state adopts the good faith exception (the strongest form of WDL). This decline is most pronounced in sectors with high labor dependency.
就业保护与风险投资:不当解雇法的影响
摘要:不当解雇法(WDLs)对任意雇佣原则设定了限制,因此削弱了运营灵活性,并通过增加解雇员工的成本而提高了预期的财务困境成本。这种削弱对于初创企业尤其不利,导致风险资本(VC)投资下降。利用美国各州逐步采用WDLs所提供的双重差分框架,这篇文章展示了在某个州采纳善意例外条款(即最严格的WDL形式)之后,VC投资会有所减少。这一下降在劳动密集型行业中尤为明显。
亮点:(1)有助于理解影响风险资本(VC)投资变化的因素。(2)丰富了劳动经济学与金融学之间相互作用的文献,特别是关于劳动政策如何影响企业决策和创业活动的研究。(3)政策启示为,劳动力市场政策可能涉及到效率和平等之间的权衡。诸如不当解雇法(WDLs)这样的就业保护法实际上以增加劳动成本的形式向雇主征税,这对于因新设、规模小以及新颖性而承担额外责任的初创企业尤其不利。通过失业保险来实现劳动保护的外部化能够在提供员工保护的同时不抑制风险资本活动。
02
原文:Ewens M, Nanda R, Stanton C. Founder-CEO Compensation and Selection into Venture Capital-Backed Entrepreneurship[J]. Journal of Finance, 2024, 79: 3361-3405.
Founder-CEO Compensation and Selection into Venture Capital-Backed Entrepreneurship
ABSTRACT: We show theoretically that a critical determinant of the attractiveness of venture capital (VC)-backed entrepreneurship for high-earning potential founders is the expected time to develop a startup's initial product. This is because founder-CEOs' cash compensation increases substantially after product development, alleviating the nondiversifiable risk that founders face at startup birth. Consistent with the model's predictions of where the supply of entrepreneurial talent is likely to be most constrained, we find that technological shocks differentially altering the expected time to product across industries can explain changes in both the rate of entry and characteristics of individuals selecting into VC-backed entrepreneurship.
风险资本支持下的创业企业创始人-CEO薪酬与选择
摘要:这篇文章从理论上表明,对于具有高收入潜力的创始人来说,风险资本(VC)支持下的创业吸引力的一个关键决定因素是开发初创企业初始产品所需的预期时间。这是因为产品开发完成后,创始人兼CEO的现金报酬会大幅增加,从而缓解了创始人在创业初期所面临的不可分散的风险。与关于企业家才能供给最可能受限领域的模型预测一致,文章发现技术冲击对不同行业产品开发预期时间的影响可以解释进入VC支持下的创业领域的比率以及选择该领域个体特征的变化。
亮点:(1)有助于研究投资者与企业家之间以及股东与CEO之间的委托代理问题。文章研究表明,在风险资本支持的初创企业生命周期的早期阶段,从一种类型的合同向另一种类型过渡,这一转变与当创始人可以与企业分离时的过程标准化相联系。(2)与有关创业选择的文献有关。文章的研究表明,对于风险投资支持的初创企业来说,产品开发的预期时间(而不是退出的预期时间)很可能是创业者所面临的不可分散风险程度的核心驱动因素。(3)凸显了风险投资公司投资者所扮演的一个未被充分重视的角色,即中间流动性提供者,作为能够比被动资本提供者更有效地解决信息不对称问题的实践型投资者,风险投资公司可能在这方面具有得天独厚的优势。这种流动性提供者的角色也有助于解释风险投资公司在哪些领域更积极地参与创新融资。
03
原文:Chen J, Hshieh S. The Labor Effects of R&D Tax Incentives: Evidence from VC-Backed Startups[J]. Review of Finance, 2024, 28(5): 1451-1482.
The Labor Effects of R&D Tax Incentives: Evidence from VC-Backed Startups
ABSTRACT: We evaluate the impact of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes (PATH) Act of 2015, which allowed some existing venture-capital-backed startups to monetize their research and development (R&D) tax credits against payroll taxes in the United States. We show that marginally eligible startups increase their demand for R&D workers more than marginally ineligible startups after the PATH Act’s enactment. These effects are stronger among startups that are financially constrained. Marginally eligible startups subsequently recruit workers with more education and experience and file more patents with new inventors. Our findings suggest payroll tax credits are effective in scaling startups and stimulating R&D activities through skilled labor recruitment.
研发税收激励的劳动力效应:来自风险资本支持的初创企业的证据
摘要:这篇文章评估了2015年《保护美国人免受加税》(PATH)法案的影响,该法案允许部分现有的风险资本支持的初创企业在美国将其研发(R&D)税收抵免用于抵消工资税。研究表明,在PATH法案实施后,那些刚好符合条件的初创企业比那些刚好不符合条件的初创企业增加了对研发人员的需求。这种效应在财务受限的初创企业中更为显著。随后,这些刚好符合条件的初创企业招募了更多具有更高教育水平和经验的员工,并且与新发明者一起申请了更多的专利。文章的结论表明,通过招聘熟练劳动力来扩大初创企业的规模并刺激研发活动,工资税抵免是有效的。
亮点:(1)对研发税收激励文献做出了贡献,特别是拓展了那些探讨研发税收抵免对高增长初创企业扩大劳动力规模影响的有关研究。文章的研究补充了早期文献,并在三个重要方面有所不同。首先,论文的准自然实验利用了公司在研发税收抵免上的外生供给冲击,而不是州级层面的变化,这使得研究能够进行更有力的测试,并更好地理解经济机制。其次,首次调查了招聘技术劳动力(包括发明者和非发明者)作为扩大初创企业研发活动的一种渠道。第三,通过从专利申请中识别新发明者,以及从LinkedIn个人资料中识别STEM工作者,文章提供了直接证据,证明在研发税收激励之后,风险资本支持的初创企业确实雇佣了新的员工。(2)通过强调劳动力成本如何抑制初创企业的成长,为风险投资(VC)文献做出了贡献。文章通过提供证据表明VC市场可能低估了建立初创企业员工队伍的实际成本,从而补充了这方面的相关研究。
本文仅用于学术交流
原文版权归原作者和原发刊所有
转载请注明出处
总编:游家兴
解析:秦会
审校:苏三妹 骆美婷
编辑:潘芳妍