【文献速递第244期】Top期刊关于碳排放的三篇论文

文摘   财经   2024-08-20 08:01   浙江  

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01

原文:Aswani J, Raghunandan A, Rajgopal S. Are carbon emissions associated with stock returns?[J]. Review of Finance, 2024, 28(1): 75-106.


Are Carbon Emissions Associated with Stock Returns?


ABSTRACT: An influential emerging literature documents strong correlations between carbon emissions and stock returns. We re-examine those data and conclude that these associations are driven by two factors. First, stock returns are correlated only with unscaled emissions estimated by the data vendor, but not with unscaled emissions actually disclosed by firms. Vendor-estimated emissions systematically differ from firm-disclosed emissions and are highly correlated with financial fundamentals, suggesting that prior findings primarily capture the association between such fundamentals and returns. Second, unscaled emissions, the variable typically used in academic literature, is correlated with stock returns but emissions intensity (emissions scaled by firm size), an equally important measure used in practice, is not. While unscaled emissions represent an important metric for society, we argue that, for individual firms, emissions intensity is an appropriate measurement choice to assess carbon performance. The associations between emissions and returns disappear after accounting for either of the issues above.


碳排放与股票收益之间存在关联吗?


摘要:一项有影响力的新兴文献证明了碳排放与股票收益之间的强相关性。这篇文章重新审视了这些数据,并得出结论:这些关联是由两个因素驱动的。首先,股票收益仅与数据供应商估算的未调整排放量相关,而与企业实际披露的未调整排放量无关。数据供应商估算的排放量与企业披露的排放量存在系统性差异,且高度相关于财务基本面,这表明之前的研究主要捕捉了基本面与收益之间的关联。其次,学术文献中通常使用的未调整排放量与股票收益相关,而实践中同样重要的排放强度(按公司规模调整的排放量)变量则与股票收益不相关。虽然未调整排放量对于社会来说是一个重要的指标,但这篇文章认为,对于单个企业而言,排放强度是评估碳绩效的适当衡量标准。在考虑上述任何一个问题之后,碳排放与收益之间的关联就会消失。


亮点(1)这篇文章重新审视了碳排放与股票收益之间的关联,挑战了以往研究中基于供应商估算排放数据得出的结论。作者发现,这种关联主要来自于供应商估算的数据,而非公司实际披露的数据。(2)强调排放强度的重要性:作者主张排放强度(按公司规模调整的排放量)是评估公司碳绩效的更合适指标,而不仅仅是总排放量。文章指出,未缩放的排放量往往与公司规模相关,因此无法准确反映公司的碳效率。(3)文章揭示了供应商估算的排放数据与公司实际披露的数据之间存在系统性差异,且供应商估算的数据与财务基本面高度相关。这一发现对研究人员和实践者在使用这些数据时具有重要的警示意义。文章强调了在进行碳排放与股票市场的研究时,应谨慎选择数据和分析方法,以避免得出误导性的结论。


02

原文:Colmer J, Martin R, Muûls M, et al. Does Pricing Carbon Mitigate Climate Change? Firm-Level Evidence from the European Union Emissions Trading System[J]. Review of Economic Studies, 2024.


Does Pricing Carbon Mitigate Climate Change? Firm-Level Evidence from the European Union Emissions Trading System


ABSTRACT: In theory, market-based regulatory instruments correct market failures at least cost. However, evidence on their efficacy remains scarce. Using administrative data, we estimate that, on average, the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)—the world’s first and largest market-based climate policy—induced regulated manufacturing firms to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 14–16% with no detectable contractions in economic activity. We find no evidence of outsourcing to unregulated firms or markets; instead, firms made targeted investments, reducing the emissions intensity of production. These results indicate that the EU ETS induced global emissions reductions, a necessary and sufficient condition for mitigating climate change. We show that the absence of any negative economic effects can be rationalized in a model where pricing the externality induces firms to make fixed-cost investments in energy-saving capital that reduce marginal variable costs.


对碳排放进行定价是否能缓解气候变化?基于欧盟排放交易体系的公司层面证据


摘要:理论上,基于市场的监管工具能够以最低成本纠正市场失灵。然而,关于其有效性的证据依然稀缺。利用行政数据,这篇文章估计,欧盟碳排放交易体系(EU ETS)——全球第一个也是最大的基于市场的气候政策——促使受监管的制造业企业平均减少二氧化碳排放量14%至16%,而未发现经济活动出现显著收缩。文章表明,未发现有证据显示企业将生产外包给不受监管的企业或市场;相反,企业进行了有针对性的投资,降低了生产过程中的排放强度。这些结果表明,EU ETS促使全球排放量减少,这是缓解气候变化的必要且充分条件。这篇文章表明,没有出现任何负面经济影响是可以在一种模型中得到解释的,该模型认为,对外部性进行定价会促使企业在节能资本上进行固定成本投资,从而降低了边际可变成本。


亮点:(1)文章为探讨环境监管对企业行为影响的文献做出了贡献。这篇文章评估了受监管与未受监管的公司层面的处理效应,还提供了关于企业减少排放的机制的详细证据。这对于理解该政策是否有效实现其最终目标(即减少全球排放)至关重要。这篇文章还提出了一个新的框架,用于评估环境法规对企业行为的经济后果。该框架提供了一个有益的结构来规范实证结果的解释,并为该领域的未来研究提供指导。(2)文章为理解欧盟排放交易体系(EU ETS)影响的文献做出了贡献,特别是利用了DID方法来评估其对制造业企业影响的文献。文章填补了缺乏关于减排机制的实证证据的空白,使用多种数据源,不仅估计了EU ETS对企业排放和经济表现的影响,还揭示了企业如何响应法规,从而提供了第一个证据来支持EUETS这一迄今为止最重要的气候政策工具已经实现了其既定的政策目标。(3)文章提供了基于市场的机制是一种具有成本效益的减排方式的早期实证证据。研究结果表明,EUETS在没有明显经济收缩的情况下实现了全球减排,并指出尽管在过渡阶段去碳化成本可能较高,但长期来看成本会降低。文章认为,EU ETS所诱导的排放减少成本显著低于其他非市场化的监管工具。


03

原文:Ott C, Schiemann F. The market value of decomposed carbon emissions[J]. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 2023, 50(1-2): 3-30.


The Market Value of Decomposed Carbon Emissions


ABSTRACT: We introduce the decomposition of carbon emissions into an expected and an unexpected component and analyze the association between these components and firm value. The expected component captures a firms average carbon emissions inherent to its business model and operating environment. The unexpected component, meaning the firm-specific deviation from expected carbon emissions, reflects the managements effort and ability to implement carbon management and actively influence carbon emissions. For a sample of US firms operating in carbon-intensive industries, we estimate the expected component using a regression of carbon emissions on firm characteristics and industry. The residual of this regression represents the unexpected component. The results reveal that, on average, investors attach value to both components. While investors consider the expected component to be relevant regardless of assurance, they consider the unexpected component to be more relevant in the presence of assurance. The assurance alleviates credibility concerns about the information content of the unexpected component. Additionally, we confirm the nomological validity of our measure of the unexpected component, as it is negatively related to indicators of better carbon management systems.

 


分解碳排放的市场价值


摘要:这篇文章将碳排放分解为预期和非预期两部分,分析这两部分与公司价值之间的关系。预期部分反映了公司业务模式和运营环境固有的平均碳排放水平。非预期部分,即公司相对于预期碳排放的特定偏差,反映了管理层在实施碳管理和积极影响碳排放方面的努力和能力。对于在碳密集型行业中运营的美国公司样本,这篇文章通过碳排放对公司特征和行业的回归来估计预期部分,该回归的残差来表示非预期部分。结果表明,平均来说,投资者会对两部分都赋予价值。虽然投资者认为预期部分无论有无保证都是相关的,但他们认为在有保证的情况下,非预期部分的相关性更强。保证减轻了对非预期部分信息内容的可信度担忧。此外,文章确认了非预期部分指标的信效度,因为它与更好的碳管理系统的指标呈负相关。


亮点:(1)文章对环境绩效,特别是碳排放的资本市场效应的研究做出了贡献。文章引入了碳排放分解的方法,将碳排放分为预期和非预期两部分,扩展了Griffin等人(2017),他们试图估计碳排放量,以及Clarkson等人(2015),他们区分了通过欧盟排放交易计划提供的碳排放配额和偏离该计划的碳排放。这篇文章的分解方法,只利用了基本的企业特征,具有普遍适用性。此外,这篇文章的分解方法还提供了有关企业碳管理对企业价值影响的有用信息。(2)文章对信息风险评估的研究做出了贡献。本文探讨了碳排放信息的“噪音”问题,并提出即使存在“噪音”,非预期碳排放仍包含有价值的信息,投资者会在决策中考虑这些信息。(3)文章为调查碳管理的研究做出了贡献。Ilinitch等人(1998)指出,我们需要更好地了解环境绩效的可用措施。文章通过预期和非预期碳排放的分解,提供了一种更好的方法来解释和评估企业的碳管理绩效,为投资者和其他利益相关者提供了有用的信息,帮助他们更好地理解企业的碳表现。



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财会知微堂依托于厦门大学金融大数据研究中心,由游家兴教授及其团队负责运营,旨在分享财务与会计领域的学术前沿、理论思想与研究方法。
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