关于概要写作，很多老师更多讲 “概要”——关于如何“梳理信息”；而很少讲“写作”——如何写好句子。
本文只关注两方面：“用词”和“写句”
（1）用词不“犯规”：如何绕开原文词、防止“连抄三个词”？
（2）句子不“出错”：如何用“自己的话”解读原文？
从这个意义上，概要句写作，本质是“词、组、句”的四种替换方法。
一、词组替换为单词
1. It was enough to make a big impression onme.
ü It was enough to impressme.
2. I made a resolutionthat I would listen to his advice and never place myself into such a desperate situation as this again.
ü I resolvedthat I would listen to his advice and never place myself into such a desperate situation as this again.
【说明】make a big impression on=impress，made a resolution=resolve。类似如
Make an attempt to do——attempt to do
Have an intention to do——intend to do
Be exposed to sth——face sth
Have access to sth——access sth
Make a comment on sth——comment on sth
Keep sb informed of——inform sb of
3. Shackleton went to South Georgia with five men in a tiny lifeboat.
ü Shackleton and five men rowed toSouth Georgia.
【说明】went to…in a tiny lifeboat=row（划船）。类似如
climbed up the mountain = hike (徒步)
traveled across the desert = trek (长途跋涉)
sailed across the ocean = navigate (航行)
drove a car through the city = commute (通勤)
4. He planned to cross Antarcticafrom the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via the South Pole, something no one had ever done before.
He planned an unprecedentedAntarcticaexpedition.（动词组—名词组）
【说明】to cross Antarctica…替换为名词expedition；something no one had ever done before替换为形容词unprecedented（前所未有的）
二、句子替换为词/词组
5. The man who had placedthe advertisement was the explorer Ernest Shackleton.
ü The man placingthe advertisement was the explorer Ernest Shackleton.
6. Shackleton chose five men who could accompany him to South Georgia in a tiny lifeboat.
ü Shackleton chose five men to accompany him to South Georgia in a tiny lifeboat.
ü Shackleton rowedto South Georgia, accompanied by five men.
ü Shackleton rowedto South Georgia with five men.
【说明】定语从句替换为介词词组、分词词组、不定式词组等。
7. People believe thatthe haircut can increase productivity.
ü The haircutis believed toincrease productivity.（名从—动词组）
【说明】…believe that sb…常可替换为sb. is believed to do；类似如
It is said that sb. … =sb. is said to do
It is estimated that sb. …=sb. is estimated to do
People think that sth. …=sth. is thought to do
8. He was remembered by history as a man who showed exceptional leadership and unbelievable endurance.
ü He was honoured forhis leadership and endurance.
【说明】定语从句简化、替换，只留下关键的名词词组。
三、长句/复杂替换为短句/简单句
9. It was a donkey that unseated me.
ü A donkey unseated me.
10. Don't you see what charming weather it is now?
ü The weather is charmingnow.
【说明】类似这种强调句、感叹句式，摘除“句套”、保留关键词。
11. If wood is pressed against a straightening board, it can be made straight.
ü Press wood against a straightening board, and it will become straight.
12. I was frequently brought forward to recite when there were visitors.
I had to recite before visitors.
【说明】被动语态替换为主动语态，也可减少词数。
四、具例替换为抽象/概括词
13. It was in the fields that I learned how to knock birds out of the sky with a slingshot, to gather wild honey and fruits, to drink warm sweet milk straight from a cow, to swim in the clear cold streams, and to catch fish with twine and sharpened bits of wire.
ü The fields taught me bird hunting, food gathering, and fishing with simple tools.
【说明】将原文具体例子提炼为几个动名词；将with a slingshot，with twine and sharpened bits of wire概括为with simple tools。
14. The men marched continuously for 36 hours. They had no tent and could not stop to rest for more than a few minutes - if they fell asleep they would die of the cold. Starved and frozen, they finally reached the station.
ü It took them pains to reach the destiny.
【说明】将原文具体的动词抽象为took them pains。
